LEXICAL CHANGE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CONTACT AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF PASE DIALECT.

(1)

LEXICAL CHANGE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CONTACT

AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF PASE DIALECT

A Thesis

Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

BUDI RIZKA

Registration Number: 8146111010

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

i ABSTRACT

BUDI RIZKA. Lexical Change with reference to Social Contact among the Speakers of Pase dialect. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. 2016

The aims of this study were to analyze the types, the pattern and the reasons of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect. The subjects of the study were personal document of Pase dialect written text in Language Department of Aceh. Observation, interview were used to obtain the data. The findings of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect was found 505 lexicons, where lexical loss were 154 lexicons, the percentage of lexical loss of noun (75.32%), adjective (12.34%), and verb (12.34%). In lexical borrowing found 177 lexicons, the percentage of lexical borrowing of noun (78.53%), adjective (15.25%), verb (5.09%), and adverb (1.13%). In phonological change were 155 lexicons, the percentage phonological change of noun (89.68%), adjective (6.45%), verb (2.38%), and adverb (1.29%). In semantic change were 19 lexicons, the percentage of noun (68.42%), adjective (10.53%), and verb (21.05%). The patterns of lexical change with reference to social contact among the speakers of Pase dialect were potential loss for lexical loss, lexical borrowing found loan-words, loan-blend, loan-translation. The patterns of phonological change were lenition, fortition, vowel and syllable structure, syncope, apocope, and epenthesis. In semantic change, the patterns were narrowing, extension, figurative use, and pejoration. The reasons of lexical change of Pase dialect were cultural development, social factor, religion, and foreign influence. The change of lexical among the speakers of Pase dialect occurred in the pattern of relationship between the speakers of Pase dialect and another language users.

(6)

ii ABSTRAK

BUDI RIZKA. Perubahan Kosakata yang dipengaruhi oleh Hubungan Sosial pada Penutur Dialek Pase. Program Study Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tipe, pola, dan alasan perubahan kosakata yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan sosial pada penutur dialek

Pase. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumen pribadi yang tulis dalam

dialek Pase. Observasi dan wawancara digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan kosakata yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan sosial pada penutur dialek Pase terdapat 505 kosakata, dimana kosakata yang hilang 154 kosakata, dengan persentase kata benda (75.32%), kata sifat (12.34%), dan kata kerja (12.34%). Dalam kosakata serapan terdapat 177 kosakata, persentase kata benda (78.53%), kata sifat (15.25%), kata kerja (5.09%), dan kata keterangan (1.13%). Dalam perubahan bunyi terdapat 155 kosakata, persentase kata benda (89.68%), kata sifat (6.45%), kata kerja (2.38%), dan kata keterangan (1.29%). Perubahan makna terdapat 19 kosakata, persentase kata bendanya (68.42%), kata sifat (10.53%), dan kata kerja (21.05%). Pola dari kosa kata yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan sosial pada penutur dialek Pase terdiri dari berpotensi hilang, kata serapan berpola words, blend, loan-translation. Pola dari perubahan bunyi terdapat lenition, fortition, vowel and

syllable structure, syncope, apocope, dan epenthesis. Pada perubahan makna,

polanya adalah narrowing, extension, figurative use, dan pejoration. Alasan penyebab dari perubahan kosakata pada dialek Pase dipengaruhi perkembangan budaya, faktor sosial, agama, dan pengaruh asing. Perubahan kosakata pada penutur dialek Pase terjadi pada pola hubungan antara penutur dialek Pase dengan penutur bahasa lain.

(7)

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, in the name of Allah, the most merciful, the researcher

would like to express his deepest praises to Allah as the creator sustainer of the universe, who has given his health and opportunity, so that the researcher can complete writing this thesis. Peace and blessing upon His most beloved messenger, Muhammad Sallallahu ‘alaihi Wasallam who saves human life from

destruction into safety.

During the process of writing this thesis, the writer realized that he had to learn for this thesis more. In this mean time, he also received a lot of helpful suggestions and comments from his consultant for whom he would like to express his sincere thanks for his academic guidance and moral support during the completion this thesis.

The highest appreciation goes to his advisers, Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D as his first adviser and Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum as his second adviser for all guidance in this thesis writing. The writer’s also great thanks to his examiners, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, and Dr. Tengku Tyrhaya Zein, M.A, who had given valuable inputs, suggestions, criticisms, and improvements for this thesis.

Then, his appreciation also goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S as the secretary, both of them have assisted him in processing the administration requirements during his studies. And he also would like to express

(8)

his thankfulness for all lecturers teaching him through during the academic years at English Applied Linguistic Program of State University of Medan.

Indeed, there are many obstacles as long as the process of the accomplishment. The researcher realizes that without the other people’s help, it is impossible to finish this research paper. Here, the researcher gives her immeasurable gratitude to Abdul Gani Asyik, M.A, Ph.D, Syarfuni, S.Pd, M.Pd, Syamsuddin Jalil (Ayah Panton), and Suhelmi Yusuf who have given the inputs to succeed this writing.

Finally, his special gratitude is dedicated to his beloved parents, Razali Syakubat, S.Pd and Faridah Abdullah who have given their pray, motivation, and support till the writer standing where he should be. The writer also appreciates special thank for his sister Khairiah, Amd.Gizi and his brother in law Dahlawi, S.Kom, M.T, to his brother Ahmad Zahri, S.Pd.I, M.A, to his young sisters and the whole families who always support him, there is no suitable word that can fully describe their everlasting love and express how much he love them.

Hopefully this thesis can be useful to the people read it therefore, the researcher hope the critics and suggestions to perfection this thesis until can be better in the future.

Medan, 2016 The Writer,

Budi Rizka

(9)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... i

ACKNOWLEDMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF CHARTS ... viii

LIST OF FIGURES ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... x

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 5

1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 6

1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 6

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Language Change ... 7

2.2 The Nature of Language Change ... 8

2.3 Social Contact ... 10

2.3.1 Cultural Factor ... 12

2.3.2 Social Factor... 12

2.3.3 Educational Factor ... 12

2.3.4 Religious Factor ... 13

2.3.5 Historical Factor ... 14

2.3.6 Geographical Factor ... 14

2.4 Types of Language Change ... 16

(10)

2.4.1.1 Lexical Loss ... 20

2.4.1.2 Lexical Creation ... 20

2.4.1.3 Change in Pronunciation ... 24

2.4.1.4 Change in Meaning ... 27

2.5 The Description of Acehnese Phonological System ... 28

2.5.1 Vowels ... 28

2.5.1 Consonants ... 32

2.6 The Pase Dialect Characteristics ... 34

2.7 The Relevant Studies ... 37

2.8 Conceptual Framework ... 43

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 The Design of the Study ... 46

3.2 The Source Data and Data ... 46

3.3 The Technique of Collecting Data ... 47

3.4 The Trustworthiness of the Study ... 48

3.5 The Technique of Analysing the Data ... 49

CHAPTER IV : DATA, DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Analysis ... 51

4.2 The Reason of Lexical Change of Pase dialect ... 67

4.3 Research Findings ... 70

4.4 Discussion ... 72

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 78

5.2 Suggestions ... 79

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 80

APPENDIX I: Interview Questions ... 84

APPENDIX II: List of Lexical Loss of Pase dialect ... 85

(11)

vii

APPENDIX IV: List of Lexical Borrowing (loan-blend) of Pase dialect ... 94

APPENDIX V: List of Lexical Borrowing (loan-translation) of Pase dialect ... 98

APPENDIX VI: List of Phonological Change of Pase dialect ... 99

APPENDIX VII: List of Semantic Change of Pase dialect ... 103

APPENDIX VIII: Interview ... 104

(12)

viii

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 1: Oral Vowel of Acehnese ... 29

Chart 2: Nasal Vowel of Acehnese ... 29

Chart 3: Oral Diphthongs with (e) of Acehnese... 31

Chart 4: Nasal Diphthongs with (e) of Acehnese... 31

Chart 5: Oral Diphthongs with (i) of Acehnese ... 31

(13)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Language domains ...16 Figure 2: Acehnese dialects map...36 Figure 3: Construct used to investigate the language change ...45

(14)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Phonological Change of English ... 25

Table 2: Consonants Symbols of Acehnese ... 34

Table 3: Lexical Change of Pase dialect ... 52

Table 4: Example of Lexical Change of Pase dialect ... 53

Table 5: Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on its Lexical Class ... 54

Table 6: Percentage of Lexical Borrowing Based on its Lexical Class ... 56

Table 7: Percentage of Lexical Borrowing Based on its Patterns ... 57

Table 8: Percentage of Loan-words Based on its Lexical Class ... 58

Table 9: Percentage of Loan-blend Based on its Lexical Class ... 59

Table 10: Percentage of Loan-translation Based on its Lexical Class ... 60

Table 11: Percentage of Phonological Change Based on its Lexical Class ... 62

Table 12: Percentage of Phonological Change Based on its Patterns ... 63

Table 13: Percentage of Semantic Change Based on its Lexical Class ... 65

(15)

1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1The Background of the Study

Language obviously a means of communication is inevitable in our lives. Language, furthermore, is recognized as the most perfect means of communication. Each language provides a system of concepts which human beings to interpret reality. Languages are also fundamental in the generation and transmission of values and express a differentiated ethical sensibility. The existence of language in society cannot be separated from culture as product of human culture. Without a language, the society cannot be formed and there will be no community that named Acehnese.

Acehnese language as one of hundreds of Indonesian vernacular is an Austronesian language spoken on Aceh province of the west of Sumatra island.

Acehnese is spoken in four dialects, namely Pase Dialect, Pidie Dialect, Kuta

Raja Dialect, and West Dialect. Whereas Pase Dialect is used in North Aceh, Lhokseumawe, Bireuen, East Aceh, Langsa, and each people of Aceh Tamiang;

Pidie Dialect is used in Pidie Jaya and Pidie; Kuta Raja Dialect is used in Greater

Aceh, Banda Aceh, and Sabang; and the last one is West Dialect which used in

West Aceh, Aceh Jaya, Southwest Aceh, and South Aceh, Asyik (1987:1).

Language is a great part of human life which is characterized as a dynamic part of human that tend to change. According to Guy (1989:2) that the various types of linguistic change is distinguished between structural effects of the

(16)

different types and the different social circumstances surrounding them. The change in language is an environment that is sure to happen in a particular language community. Actually, it can occur due to various factors influence the language factors both internally and external factors. The influence of internal factors usually called individual factors that are influenced by the linguistic itself, psychology, and intergeneration factor, the individual factors deal with the language change that resulted from entire generation of speaker acquisition. On

the other hand, external factors are influenced by non-linguistic factors. For

example non-linguistic factors are social factors and contextual or situational

factors. Where social factors are contact between speakers of different varieties

due to conquest, migration and culture, education, economic, and religion. The social contact of language change does not only include the type of input the environmental but also the mechanism and rates of input processing. The mechanism is concerned with the techniques and method of input provided to the language speakers, whereas rates deal with the amount of input itself.

The process of change in language is a sketch about the dynamics caused various factors that influence immediately. As traditional views of language change, when the speakers of a language are in contact with neighbours who speak in different language, the speakers will borrow language items from outside sources language. However, there is not only in borrowing words but also possibility in the form of phonology, semantic and sometimes syntactical, morphological and pragmatic.

(17)

The Acehnese has borrowed a large number of loanwords from other

languages such as sikin ‘knife’ from Arabic, canca ‘spoon’ from Chinese, tre ‘try’

from European, and misee ‘moustache’ from Hindi.

The language can be change in all domains of language and each languages in the world tends to change which might be in the forms of lexical, morphological, syntactical, semantic, spelling, and pragmatic changes. In reality, one of the most obvious kinds of change in language is the appearance of lexical change. The lexical can be in forms of lexical loss as the phenomenon in which a particular lexicon disappears, creation of new lexical item, semantic change or shifting meaning in lexical, and phonological change which is the process change of sounds. Lexical change is manifested in every single of lexical classes of a language, such as a noun, verb, adjective and adverb. A case of lexical change of

Pase dialect is the word “Ie Beuen” (Tsunami disaster) and other examples

“Sabah” (thanks), “gari” (cycle), etc. it is regarded one lexical loss of Pase

dialect because it is not practiced anymore, or lilin (candle) in Indonesian

becomes lilen in Pase dialect of Acehnese which has change in phonological and

lexical creation.

Based on preliminary data above, it is feasible to assert that lexical change contains: 1) Types of lexical change as a change realized in lexicons, which might be loss, creation, change of meaning, and phonology, 2) Patterns of lexical change which refers the ways on how the change it takes place, and 3) Reason of lexical change as the completely influential factors of lexical change.

(18)

In the process of language change in a community of speakers is highly influenced by elements of language contact. Contact-induced language change contributes to the unity of linguistic variation and process variation that contribute to the change in language. In other word, the change of language in the speech community is influenced by social contact such as migration, bilingualism, religion, education, and cultural environment in community of speakers.

In reality, it is tendency that to change of Pase dialect when speakers are

more educated, this has been proved by fact is that role of Pase dialect used in

educational is not same at home. Constantly, this is one of root from the empirical

evidence that the medium of teaching and learning in Pase is Indonesian.

Consequently, the students’ attitudes towards Pase dialect of Acehnese eventually

decreases which automatically makes Indonesian dominantly is used in their day life. Besides that, religion as a particular system of faith and worship based on the

speakers’ beliefs serves as another influence of Pase dialect of Acehnese

existence and maintenance as in Pase dialect of Acehnese loanwords from Arabic

such as qanun, hareum, haleue, hukom etc. through this phenomenon the

existence and maintenance of Pase dialect are obvious.

The cultural environment situation in social condition is where the language speakers’ activities take place, the increasingly modern influence

nowadays is regarded as factor to existence and maintenance of Pase dialect. The

fashionable and innovative devices and needs bridge the Pase dialect of Acehnese

user’s attention to lexical modernization. Furthermore, according to Durie (1985:7) that standard Acehnese comes from the North Aceh scholars Budiman

(19)

Sulaiman (1977, 1978, 1979) and Abdul Gani Asyik (1972, 1982). In other word,

the standard Acehnese comes from Pase dialect. In other hand, Pase dialect is the

common dialect and the completely structure of language items of Acehnese language than other dialect as Kuta Raja dialect, Aceh Barat dialect, and Pidie dialect (Durie1985:7).

In accordance with the reason above, the writer interests to investigate the

change of lexical influenced by social contact which occurs in Pase dialect of

Aceh.

1.2The Problems of the Study

In accordance with the context given above, the statements of the research problems which are investigated in this study are as the following:

1) What lexical change has occurred in the Pase dialect with reference to

social contact?

2) How does the lexical change occur in the Pase dialect?

3) Why does the lexical change tend to occur in the ways they are?

1.3The Objectives of the Study

In accordance with the problem above, the objectives of this study are:

1) to investigate lexical change in the Pase dialect,

2) to describe the patterns of lexical change with reference to social

contact of Pase dialect, and

(20)

1.4The Scope of the Study

The researcher’s scope of this study is attempts to investigate the language

change of Pase dialect, particularly to the lexical change which is influenced by

social contact. More specific, it is an attempt to provide an objective and explanative description of kinds of lexical change with reference to social contact

among the speakers of Pase dialect.

1.5The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to have both theoretical and practical contributions. Theoretically, this research is beneficial to help the researcher to produce relevant and valid knowledge for them who will conduct further research in the field of language changes.

Practically, the findings of this research would be beneficial for language

planning and policy of the government which is urgently useful for Pase dialect

(21)

78 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:

1) The lexical change of Pase dialect appeared on every single sorts of

lexical change. It is divided into lexical loss, lexical borrowing, phonological change, and semantic change.

2) The lexical change patterns of Pase dialect were totally realized in various

ways based on its types. Firstly, lexical loss was proportionally pattern into potential loss. Secondly, lexical borrowing flows under the three crisp and concise patterns, they are loan-words, loan-blend, and loan-translation. Thirdly, phonological change was proportionally pattern into lenition, fortition, vowel and syllable structure, syncope, apocope, and epenthesis.

Fourthly, semantic change patterns are categorized of narrowing, extension, figurative use, and pejoration.

3) The division of lexical change of Pase dialect varies and considerably

linkable which every sorts single of lexical change type. First, culture, linguistic features, and prestige play the important role as the influential causes of lexical loss. Second, cultural development, foreign influence, religion, and social factor are treated as the numerously sustained of lexical borrowing of Pase dialect. Third, foreign influence draws the role

(22)

metaphorical, and social euphoria are viewed as the core of source of semantic change.

5.2 Suggestions

1) It is advisable to the language users of Pase dialect in their daily life at

home, office, and school. Consequently, their language attitude towards

Pase dialect will eventually increase by itself.

2) The researcher strongly suggested to the local government of Pase dialect

regency to take into account about the maintenance and standardization of

Pase dialect through the establishment of dictionary

3) The researcher also expected to the teacher, students and other to make writing of Pase dialect. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the

access of another expert’s interest and attention about the entity of Pase

dialect.

4) To the linguists, other researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct a scientific study of Pase dialect, it is suggested to investigate

the practical techniques in decreasing the number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical borrowing of Pase dialect. Through this

(23)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appel, R., and Muysken, P. 2005. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Academic Archive.

Asyik, A. Gani. 1987. A Contextual Grammar of Acehnese Sentences. Michigan: U.M.I Dissertation Information Service.

Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. 6th edition. USA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Benjamin, W. Fortson. 2001. Indo-European Language and Culture: An

Introduction, 4th_edition._{London: Cambridge University Press}

Bloomfield, L. 1993. Language. London: George Allen and Uwin Publishing. Brinton, L.J and Traugott, E.C. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. UK:

Cambridge University Press.

Campbell, L. 2004. Historical Linguistic: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Campbell, L. 1998. Historical Linguistic: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Cristiansen, M.H and Dale, R. 1992. Language Evolution and Change. New York: Cornel University Press.

Crystal, R. 2004. The Language Revolution. London: Cambridge University Press. Denhan, K and Lobeck, A. 2005. Teaching Kids about Language Change,

Language Endangerment and Language Death. New Jersey:

Lawrence Erlbaum Association.

Durie, Mark. 1985. A Grammar of Acehnese on The Basis of a Dialect of North

Aceh. U.S.A: Foris Publications.

Durie, Mark and Malcom, Ross. 1996. The Comparative Method Reviewed:

Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change. New York:

Oxford University Press.

Gerritsen, Marinel and Stein, Dieter. 1992. Internal and External Factors in

Syntactic Change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Gleason, J. Berko. 1998. Psycholinguistics, 2nd edition. USA: Harcourt Brace College Publisher

(24)

Gumprz, J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. London: Cambridge University Press. Guy, Gregory. R. 1989. The Sociolinguistic Types of Language Change.

Washington, DC: Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Publishing.

Holmes, J. 2008. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3th edition. New York: Pearson Education Inc.

Johnson, E. 1994. The Relationship between Lexical Variation and Lexical

Change. London: Cambridge University Press.

Jones, M.C and Singh, I. 2005. Exploring Language Change. New York: Routledge.

Lincoln, Y.S and Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage Publication

Lindstrom, L. 2007. Bismala Into Kwamera: Code-mixing and Language Change

on Tanna (Vanuata). Tulsa University Press.

Mesthrie, Rajend. et al. 2009. Introducing Sociolinguistics. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Miles, M. B, Huberman, A. M, and Saldana, Johnny. 2014. Qualitative Data

Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (3th edition). USA: Sage

Publication.

Millar, R. McColl. 2015. Trask’s Historical Linguistic, 3th edition. New York: Routledge

Moyna, M.I. 2009. Child Acquisition and Language Change: Voseo Evolution in

Rio de laplata Spanish. Someerville: Cascadillah Proceedings

Project.

Niyogi, P and Berwick, R.C. 1995. The Logical Problem of Language Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Romaine, Suzanne. 2000. Language in Society: An Introduction to

Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tan, S. Imm. 2013. Malysian English: Language Contact and Change. New York: Peter Lang Edition.

Thomason, Sarah. G. 2001. Language Contact. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Trask, R.L. 2010. Why do Languages Change?. New York: Cambridge University Press.

(25)

Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistic: Lexical and Semantic Change. London: Arnold Publishing.

Trask, R. L. 1994. Language Change. London: Routledge.

Varshney, R.L. 1995. An Introductory Textbook of Linguistic and Phonetics. Rampur Bagh: Student Store.

Wang, W.S. and J.W. Gong. 2008. Computational Studies of Language Evolution. UK: Wiley Blackwell Publisher.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fiifth edition). UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishing.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. and Fuller, Janet M. 2015. An Introduction to

Sociolinguistics (Seventh edt.). UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishing.

Winford, D. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistic. Malden: Wiley Blackwell Publishing.

Journals

Durie, Mark and Daud, B. 1996. Framing the Acehnese Text: Language Choice

and Discourse Structures in Aceh. Oceanic Linguistics vol.35, pp.

113-137.

Fenyvesi, A and Zsigri, G. 2006. The Role of Perception in Loanwords Adaption: The Fate of Initial Unstressed in American Finnish and American

Hungarian. pp. 131-146.New York: SKY Journal of Linguistics.

Gao, L. 2008. Language Change in Progress: Evidence from Computer-mediated

Communication. In proceedings of the 20th North American

Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). Vol.1,pp.361-377. Ohio: The Ohio State University Press.

Habib, Muhammed. 2005. “the role social factors, lexical borrowing and speech accommodation in the variant of [q] and [ʔ] in the colloquial

Arabic of rural migrant families in Hims, Syria”. In A

Sociolinguistic Perspective to the Language Change. IJ-ELTS: International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies Vol: 1, Issue: 2.ISSN: 2308-5460.

Haugen, E. 1950. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing.Language: 26, pp. 210-231.

Hill, Peter. 2006. Language Change in the Slavonic Language. ASEES. Vol. 20, Nos 1-2, pp. 173-193.

Hilts, C. 2003. From taxonomy to typology: The features of lexical contact

(26)

State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 57, 58-99. Retrieved September, 3th 2015, from http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/publications/osu_wpl/osuwpl_57/Craig-WPL.pdf

Nagy, Naomi. 2010. Lexical Change and Language Contact: Francoprovençal in

Italy and Canada. In Heritage languages in Toronto. SSHRC

Standard Research Grant, No. 410-2010-2330.

Restifiza, S. Ayuni. 2013. Phonological Processes of Indonesian Borrowing Words used by Minanangkbaunese in Bukit Tinggi, West Sumatera. In E-Journal English Language and Literature Vol 1, No.1 (2012): SERIE: C. Publisher: E-Journal English Language and Literature. Schartz, et al. 2009. Sociolinguistic Factor in Second Lexical Knowledge: the

Case of Second Generation Children of Russian-Jewish Immigrant

in Israel. pp. 101-107. New York: Routlege.

Yang, C.D. 2001. Internal and External Forces in Language Change. Combride: 231-250. Printed in the U.S.A: Cambridge University Press.

Yulis, Erni. 2013. An Analysis of Dead Words of Minangkabaunese in Koto

Tabang – Pariaman Dialect. In E-Journal English Language and

Literature Vol 2, No.1 (2013): SERIE: B. Publisher: E-Journal English Language and Literature.

Websites

Hana, J. 2006. Language Change. Retrieved on September, 2nd 2015 from http://pdfound.com.

(1)

78 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:

1) The lexical change of Pase dialect appeared on every single sorts of lexical change. It is divided into lexical loss, lexical borrowing, phonological change, and semantic change.

2) The lexical change patterns of Pase dialect were totally realized in various ways based on its types. Firstly, lexical loss was proportionally pattern into potential loss. Secondly, lexical borrowing flows under the three crisp and concise patterns, they are loan-words, loan-blend, and loan-translation. Thirdly, phonological change was proportionally pattern into lenition, fortition, vowel and syllable structure, syncope, apocope, and epenthesis. Fourthly, semantic change patterns are categorized of narrowing, extension, figurative use, and pejoration.

3) The division of lexical change of Pase dialect varies and considerably linkable which every sorts single of lexical change type. First, culture, linguistic features, and prestige play the important role as the influential causes of lexical loss. Second, cultural development, foreign influence, religion, and social factor are treated as the numerously sustained of lexical borrowing of Pase dialect. Third, foreign influence draws the role as the influential causes of phonological change. And fifth, analogical,

(2)

metaphorical, and social euphoria are viewed as the core of source of semantic change.

5.2 Suggestions

1) It is advisable to the language users of Pase dialect in their daily life at home, office, and school. Consequently, their language attitude towards Pase dialect will eventually increase by itself.

2) The researcher strongly suggested to the local government of Pase dialect regency to take into account about the maintenance and standardization of Pase dialect through the establishment of dictionary

3) The researcher also expected to the teacher, students and other to make writing of Pase dialect. This technique is indispensably useful to gain the access of another expert’s interest and attention about the entity of Pase dialect.

4) To the linguists, other researchers and those who are extremely interested to conduct a scientific study of Pase dialect, it is suggested to investigate the practical techniques in decreasing the number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical borrowing of Pase dialect. Through this way, the development of Pase dialect will emerge among other tribes.

(3)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appel, R., and Muysken, P. 2005. Language Contact and Bilingualism.

Amsterdam: Amsterdam Academic Archive.

Asyik, A. Gani. 1987. A Contextual Grammar of Acehnese Sentences. Michigan:

U.M.I Dissertation Information Service.

Ary, Donald. 2002. Introduction to Research in Education. 6th edition. USA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.

Benjamin, W. Fortson. 2001. Indo-European Language and Culture: An

Introduction, 4th_edition._{London: Cambridge University Press}

Bloomfield, L. 1993. Language. London: George Allen and Uwin Publishing.

Brinton, L.J and Traugott, E.C. 2005. Lexicalization and Language Change. UK:

Cambridge University Press.

Campbell, L. 2004. Historical Linguistic: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Campbell, L. 1998. Historical Linguistic: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Cristiansen, M.H and Dale, R. 1992. Language Evolution and Change. New

York: Cornel University Press.

Crystal, R. 2004. The Language Revolution. London: Cambridge University Press.

Denhan, K and Lobeck, A. 2005. Teaching Kids about Language Change,

Language Endangerment and Language Death. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Association.

Durie, Mark. 1985. A Grammar of Acehnese on The Basis of a Dialect of North

Aceh. U.S.A: Foris Publications.

Durie, Mark and Malcom, Ross. 1996. The Comparative Method Reviewed:

Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gerritsen, Marinel and Stein, Dieter. 1992. Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Gleason, J. Berko. 1998. Psycholinguistics, 2nd edition. USA: Harcourt Brace College Publisher

(4)

Gumprz, J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. London: Cambridge University Press.

Guy, Gregory. R. 1989. The Sociolinguistic Types of Language Change.

Washington, DC: Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Publishing.

Holmes, J. 2008. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 3th edition. New York: Pearson Education Inc.

Johnson, E. 1994. The Relationship between Lexical Variation and Lexical Change. London: Cambridge University Press.

Jones, M.C and Singh, I. 2005. Exploring Language Change. New York:

Routledge.

Lincoln, Y.S and Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage Publication

Lindstrom, L. 2007. Bismala Into Kwamera: Code-mixing and Language Change

on Tanna (Vanuata). Tulsa University Press.

Mesthrie, Rajend. et al. 2009. Introducing Sociolinguistics. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Miles, M. B, Huberman, A. M, and Saldana, Johnny. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods (3th edition). USA: Sage Publication.

Millar, R. McColl. 2015. Trask’s Historical Linguistic, 3th edition. New York: Routledge

Moyna, M.I. 2009. Child Acquisition and Language Change: Voseo Evolution in

Rio de laplata Spanish. Someerville: Cascadillah Proceedings Project.

Niyogi, P and Berwick, R.C. 1995. The Logical Problem of Language Change.

New York: Cambridge University Press.

Romaine, Suzanne. 2000. Language in Society: An Introduction to

Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tan, S. Imm. 2013. Malysian English: Language Contact and Change. New

York: Peter Lang Edition.

Thomason, Sarah. G. 2001. Language Contact. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

Press.

Trask, R.L. 2010. Why do Languages Change?. New York: Cambridge University Press.

(5)

Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistic: Lexical and Semantic Change. London: Arnold Publishing.

Trask, R. L. 1994. Language Change. London: Routledge.

Varshney, R.L. 1995. An Introductory Textbook of Linguistic and Phonetics. Rampur Bagh: Student Store.

Wang, W.S. and J.W. Gong. 2008. Computational Studies of Language Evolution. UK: Wiley Blackwell Publisher.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fiifth edition). UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishing.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. and Fuller, Janet M. 2015. An Introduction to

Sociolinguistics (Seventh edt.). UK: Wiley Blackwell Publishing.

Winford, D. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistic. Malden: Wiley

Blackwell Publishing.

Journals

Durie, Mark and Daud, B. 1996. Framing the Acehnese Text: Language Choice

and Discourse Structures in Aceh. Oceanic Linguistics vol.35, pp. 113-137.

Fenyvesi, A and Zsigri, G. 2006. The Role of Perception in Loanwords Adaption:

The Fate of Initial Unstressed in American Finnish and American Hungarian. pp. 131-146. New York: SKY Journal of Linguistics.

Gao, L. 2008. Language Change in Progress: Evidence from Computer-mediated

Communication. In proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20). Vol.1,pp.361-377. Ohio: The Ohio State University Press.

Habib, Muhammed. 2005. “the role social factors, lexical borrowing and speech

accommodation in the variant of [q] and [ʔ] in the colloquial Arabic of rural migrant families in Hims, Syria”. In A Sociolinguistic Perspective to the Language Change. IJ-ELTS: International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies Vol: 1, Issue: 2.ISSN: 2308-5460.

Haugen, E. 1950. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing.Language: 26, pp.

210-231.

Hill, Peter. 2006. Language Change in the Slavonic Language. ASEES. Vol. 20,

Nos 1-2, pp. 173-193.

Hilts, C. 2003. From taxonomy to typology: The features of lexical contact phenomena in Atepec Zapotec-Spanish linguistic contact. Ohio

(6)

State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 57, 58-99.

Retrieved September, 3th 2015, from

http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/publications/osu_wpl/osuwpl_57/Craig-WPL.pdf

Nagy, Naomi. 2010. Lexical Change and Language Contact: Francoprovençal in

Italy and Canada. In Heritage languages in Toronto. SSHRC Standard Research Grant, No. 410-2010-2330.

Case of Second Generation Children of Russian-Jewish Immigrant in Israel. pp. 101-107. New York: Routlege.

Yang, C.D. 2001. Internal and External Forces in Language Change. Combride:

231-250. Printed in the U.S.A: Cambridge University Press.

Yulis, Erni. 2013. An Analysis of Dead Words of Minangkabaunese in Koto Tabang – Pariaman Dialect. In E-Journal English Language and Literature Vol 2, No.1 (2013): SERIE: B. Publisher: E-Journal English Language and Literature.

Websites

Hana, J. 2006. Language Change. Retrieved on September, 2nd 2015 from

LEXICAL CHANGE WITH REFERENCE TO SOCIAL CONTACT AMONG THE SPEAKERS OF PASE DIALECT.