LEXICAL CHANGE IN BATU BARA MALAY DIALECT.
LEXICAL CHANGE IN BATU BARA MALAY DIALECT
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics, Post Graduated School
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of
Magister Humaniora.
By
NENI SRIWAHYUNI HARTATI
Registration Number: 8106112040
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATED SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Neni Sriwahyuni Hartati. Lexical Change in Batu Bara Malay Dialect. A
Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program Post Graduated School.
State University of Medan. 2015.
The research presented in this thesis addresses to investigate the lexical change of
Batu Bara Malay dialect which is elaborated into three more specific aims that is
investigated the types, patterns and context of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay
dialect. Types of change are distinguishable as a variety or short of change
realized in the lexicon. The pattern of lexical change defined as the tendency or
characteristic of the way how the change takes place in lexicon, context of lexical
change is the condition triggers of change, condition in which lexical change
happens. Data are gathered in naturalistic setting, which primarily consist of
documentary research, interview and participant observation. The highly critical,
systematic analysis with Miles and Huberman model reveals Batu Bara Malay
dialect change. This research has drawn the following conclusion, firstly, the
types of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect comprises into three categories
i.e. lexical loss, lexical addition and semantic change of lexical. Secondly, the
lexical of Batu Bara Malay dialect change pattern has been categorized into:
lexical loss which is classified into potential and total lexical loss. Lexical
addition through borrowing words which is decomposed into five more specific
pattern i.e. loan word, loan translation and loan bifurcation, loan coinage and loan
clipping. Semantic changes are patterned to narrowing and bifurcation. Thirdly,
the context of lexical change, context of lexical loss are socio cultural, language
attitude, language contact, technological development and homonymic. Contexts
of lexical addition are technological development, socio cultural and language
contact. Context of semantic change are psychological factor, socio cultural
change, and language contact. The lexical changes in Batu Bara dialect is the
evidence that lexical change can occur in any languages and dialects of the world.
This could be negative indication to the preservation of the language. In this case,
the local government of Batu Bara is the leading parties to preserve the dialect.
Key words: Lexical change, Batu Bara Malay Dialect.
i
ABSTRAK
Neni Sriwahyuni Hartati. Perubahan Leksikal Pada Dialek Melayu Batu
Bara. Sebuah Thesis. Program Pasca Sarjana Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015.
Penelitian yang disajikan dalam tesis ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki perubahan
leksikal pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara yang dijabarkan kedalam tiga sasaran
penelitian yang lebih spesifik yaitu menyelidiki jenis, pola dan konteks perubahan
pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara. Jenis perubahan leksikal diartikan sebagai varitas
perubahan yang terjadi pada leksikal. Pola perubahan leksikal didefinisikan
sebagai kecenderungan atau karakteristik perubahan yang terjadi pada leksikal.
Konteks perubahan leksikal merupakan kondisi yang memicu perubahan atau
keadaan dimana perubahan leksikal itu terjadi. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh
secara empiris yang terdiri dari pengumpulan dokumen, interview dan observasi.
Analisis yang akurat dan sistematis dengan model Miles dan Huberman
digunakan untuk menguji data pada perubahan dialek Melayu Batu Bara.
Penelitian ini menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut, Pertama jenis perubahan
leksikal pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara terdiri dari tiga kategori yaitu hilangnya
leksikal, penambahan leksikal dan perubahan makna pada leksikal. Kedua, pola
perubahan pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara yang dikategorikan: Hilangnya leksikal
diklasifikasikan kedalam potensial hilang dan total hilang. Penambahan leksikal
melalui peminjaman kata yang diuraikan kedalam lima pola yang spesifik yaitu
loan word, loan translation, loan bifurcation, loan coinage dan loan clipping.
Perubahan makna pada leksikal dipolakan kedalam penyempitan makna dan
pencabangan makna. Ketiga, konteks perubahan leksikal: konteks hilangnya
leksikal disebabkan perubahan social budaya, sikap terhadap budaya, kontak
bahasa, perkembangan teknologi dan persamaan bunyi. Konteks penambahan
leksikal disebabkan oleh perkembangan teknologi, social budaya dan kontak
bahasa. Konteks perubahan makna disebabkan faktor psikologi, perubahan social
budaya dan kontak bahasa. Perubahan leksikal pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara
merupakan bukti perubahan leksikal dapat terjadi pada bahasa dan dialek mana
saja di dunia. Hal ini dapat menjadi indikasi negative terhadap kelestarian bahasa
tersebut. Dalam hal ini, pemerintah daerah Batu Bara mempunyai peran yang
sangat penting dalam melestarikan dialek Mereka.
Kata kunci: Perubahan leksical, dialek Melayu Batu Bara.
ii
ACKNOWLEDMENT
All praise due to Allah, the lord of the Worlds, the beneficent and the
merciful for His strange and his glory bless which make me able to do this
research and composed this thesis. This thesis is the result of consortium of
individuals who have supported me in countless way. Now is my chance to
thanks. Being based at the English Linguistics Study Program in the State
University of Medan has, to say the least, broadened my English linguistics
horizon. Particularly to my advisors who has supported me from day one. Prof.
Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum succeeded in
combining structure with freedom, honesty with encouragement, precision with
inspiration, and humor with scientific reason. Thank you for my both advisor, for
being the best advisors I have wished for.
My thanks also go to Prof. Dr. H. Ramli Abdul Wahid, MA, for giving me
Batu Bara Malay language dictionary compiled by him and printed it for me. This
has been guided me in my research, May Allah bless him.
The research environment in which I conduct this research was situated is
highly knowledgeable and personable. I am grateful to my brother and sister,
Farid Adnir Haekel and Zahratul Wardah who has connected me to the head of
Talawi, Tanjung Tiram and Lima Puluh district in obtaining permission to
conduct research in the districts. Thank you for this, without your help I doubt that
I would be writing this.
iii
The backbone of almost all collecting data are through directly involved to
the study site and many colleagues and friends have assisted me in doing this,
especially to Umi Kalsum and Sister Diah, Thank you all for welcoming me to
your facilities.
This thesis was strongly supported by valuable suggestion and critics from
these great reviewer members: Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph. D, Dr. Rahmad
Husein, M. Ed and Dr, T. Thyrhaya Zein, M. A who received this proposal and
generously contributed to my research. Thanks you for this, and so much more.
Especially to Ade Fernanda Wijaya, SP. M.M, and My husband who has
generously welcomed me on many occasions, thank you for making it that much
easier for me, without your love and help, I would never have been able to
complete this thesis. My sincerest appreciation is addressed to my parents who
have sincerely cared for me. They encouraged me the value of humor, spontaneity
and discussion in raising me. To My kids, Baihaqqi, Fatahillah, Sulthan and
Yusuf, your laughter and smiles has strengthened me through tough times in the
construction of this thesis.
Last but not least, I owe special debt to brother Farid as the staff of
administrative affairs at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
made sure that the appropriate procedures ran smoothly.
Medan, December 2015
The Writer
Neni Sriwahyuni Hartati
Registration Number: 8106112040
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the Study ................................................................
1
1.2 The Focus of the Study ...........................................................................
6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ....................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of the Study ...........................................................................
7
1.5 The Significant of the Study ...................................................................
7
CHAPTER II: RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW ............................
9
2.1 Language Change....................................................................................
9
2.1.1 The Nature of Language Change .........................................................
9
2.1.2 The Types of Language Change ..........................................................
9
2.2 Lexical Change .......................................................................................
11
2.2.1 What is Lexical Change .......................................................................
11
2.2.2 The Types of lexical change ................................................................
14
2.2.2.1 The Loss of Lexical Item ..................................................................
14
2.2.2.2 Change of Meaning ...........................................................................
15
2.2.2.3 The Creation of New Lexical Item ...................................................
20
2.2.2.3.1 Typologies of Word Formation Process ........................................
22
2.2.3 Patterns of Lexical Change .................................................................
29
2.2.4 Typologies of the Context for Lexical Creation ..................................
30
2.2.4.1 Typologies of the Context for Lexical Loss......................................
31
2.2.4.2 Typologies of the Context for Semantic Change ..............................
32
2.2.4.3 Typologies of the Context for Creation of Lexical Item ...................
35
v
2.3 Lexical Class ...........................................................................................
35
2.3.1 Noun ....................................................................................................
36
2.3.2 Verb......................................................................................................
37
2.3.3 Adjective ..............................................................................................
38
2.3.4 Adverb .................................................................................................
38
2.3.4 Pronoun ................................................................................................
39
2.3.5 Preposition ...........................................................................................
39
2.3.6 Conjunction ..........................................................................................
39
2.3.7 Interjection ...........................................................................................
41
2.4 Batu Bara ................................................................................................
41
2.4.1 Batu Bara Malay ..................................................................................
43
2.4.1.1 Dialect ...............................................................................................
43
2.4.1.2 Batu Bara Malay Dialect ...................................................................
45
2.5 Relevant Studies .....................................................................................
46
2.6 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................
48
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD..................................................
50
3.1 Research Design ......................................................................................
50
3.2 Subjects of the Study ..............................................................................
50
3.3 The Data of the Study .............................................................................
51
3.4 The Techniques of Data Collection ........................................................
52
3.5 The Procedures of Data Collection .........................................................
53
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis .............................................................
54
3.7 The Trustworthiness of the Data .............................................................
55
vi
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS,
AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................
57
4.1 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
57
4.1.1 The Description of Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .............
58
4.1.1.1 Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .........................................
61
4.1.1.2 Semantic Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................................
62
4.1.1.3 Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ..................................
64
4.1.2 Patterns of Lexical Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....................
66
4.1.2.1 Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Dialect ....................................................
66
4.1.2.1.1 Potential Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .......................
67
4.1.2.1.2 Total Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .........................................
68
4.1.2.2 Semantic Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................................
70
4.1.2.2.1 Narrowing ......................................................................................
71
4.1.2.2.2 Bifurcation .....................................................................................
72
4.1.2.3 Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ..................................
73
4.1.2.3.1 Lexical Borrowing of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ............................
74
4.1.2.3.1.1 Loan Word of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....................................
75
4.1.2.3.1.2 Loan Translation of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ............................
76
4.1.2.3.1.3 Loan Coinage of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................................
77
4.1.2.3.1.4 Loan Bifurcation of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ............................
78
4.1.2.3.1.5 Loan Clipping of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ................................
79
4.1.3 The Context of Lexical Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ..............
81
vii
4.1.3.1 The Context of Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ................
81
4.1.3.2 The Context of Semantic Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ........
83
4.1.3.3 The Context of Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .........
84
4.2 Research Findings ...................................................................................
86
4.3. Discussions ............................................................................................
88
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION
AND SUGGESTION ........................................................
96
5.1 Conclusion ..............................................................................................
96
5.2 Implication ..............................................................................................
97
5.3 Suggestion ...............................................................................................
98
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
100
APPENDICES .............................................................................................
103
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 4.1 Lexical Creation Pattern of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................
v
73
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1
Boundaries of Batu Bara .......................................................
42
Table 4.1
Lexical Change Based on Its Lexical Classes .......................
58
Table 4.2
Example of Lexical Change ..................................................
59
Table 4.3
Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on Its Lexical Classes.....
61
Table 4.4
Percentage of Semantic Change Based on Its Lexical Classes
63
Table 4.5
Percentage of Lexical Addition Based on Its Lexicon Classes
64
Table 4.6
Percentage of Lexical Addition Based on Its Source ............
65
Table 4.7
Number of Occurrence of Semantic Change Pattern ............
70
Table 4.8
Narrowing Pattern of Semantic Change................................
71
Table 4.9
Bifurcation Pattern of Semantic Change ...............................
72
Table 4.10
Lexical Addition Based on Its Sources .................................
74
Table 4.11
Loan Word of Lexical Addition ............................................
75
Table 4.12
Loan Translation of Lexical Addition ...................................
76
Table 4.13
Loan Coinage of Lexical Addition........................................
77
Table 4.14
Loan Bifurcation of Lexical Addition ...................................
79
Table 4.15
Loan Clipping of Lexical Addition .......................................
79
LIST OF MATRIXS
Pages
Matrix 4.1
Types, Pattern, and Context Of Lexical Changes of
Batu Bara Malay Dialect .......................................................
57
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix 1
Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect Based
on Its Classes .........................................................................
103
Appendix 2
Lexical Loss ‘Patterns’ of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ...........
110
Appendix 3
List of Semantic Change in Batu Bara Malay Dialect Based
on Its Lexical Classes ............................................................
116
Appendix 4
Semantic Change ‘Patterns’ of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....
117
Appendix 5
List of Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ...........
118
Appendix 6
Lexical Addition ‘Patterns’ of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....
124
Appendix 7
Interview ...............................................................................
130
LIST OF TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
Content word:
Words such as nouns, most verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs that refer to some object, action, or
characteristic which function primarily to express
the grammatical relationship between other words in
a sentence.
Euphemism:
The substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive or
one that may offend or suggest something
unpleasant.
Homonym:
One of a group of words that share the same
spelling and the same pronunciation but have
different meanings.
Language attitude:
The feeling people have about their own language
variety or the languages or language varieties of
others.
Language Change:
A change process of words due the loss, meaning
changes and creation of linguistic item.
Language codification:
The methods by which a language is standardized
these methods include the creation and use of
dictionaries, style and usage guides, traditional
grammar textbook, and the like.
Lexical creation:
A process of adopting, borrowing, naturalizing
another linguistic item.
Language contact:
Occurs when two or more languages or varieties
interact.
Lexical loss:
An unrecognizable meaning of the word because its
referent lost.
Language standardization:
The process by which conventional forms of a
language are established and maintained.
Literal meaning:
Literal means straightforward or factual; the
dictionary meaning of a word.
Metaphor:
A figure of speech in which an implied comparison
is made between two unlike that actually have
something important in common.
v
Metonymy:
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is
substituted for another with which it is closely
associated.
Natural language:
A human language which is arises in an
unpremeditated fashion as the result of innate
facility for language processed by human intellect.
Potential lexical losses:
A change of word meaning.
Semantic change:
A Change of word meaning.
Total lexical loss:
Totally unrecognizable meaning of lexical item.
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Batu Bara Malay specifically Batu Bara Malay dialect is a dialect of Malay
spoken in Batu Bara Regency, Regency in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Batu Bara
Malay is one of Malay dialect spread across Indonesia. The speaker spread out
across 98 villages in Batu Bara Regency, particularly uttered by the Malay tribe
population and partly by other tribe who have been living and mingling with the
Malay tribe population.
Malay is a major language that spread not only in Indonesia but also in
neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines and
some parts of Madagascar. Malay is one natural language among thousand’s
natural language in the world and classified as the major language of the
Austronesia family... (Bauer: 1983).
To this day, Malay language origin is still debatable, Malay language origin is
a region where the beginning Malay language was uttered. There are two strong
opinions stating Malay Language origin. First opinion stating that Malay language
native’s land is central Asia region and the second opinion states that the Malay
language native’s land in one of the regions in Indonesia, the island of Sumatra,
which is the kingdom of Srivijava and is regarded as the first national kingdom in
Indonesia.
1
2
Geographical diversity of speakers of Malay has led to variation in Malay
was called Malay dialect. Although at first they were a single origin because the
breakdown of the relationship between one group against another in a very long
time , then a group set a way of life and use their own substitutions according to
the nature and purposes of the state of their respective lives. This is due to the
emergency of various dialects in the Malay Peninsula Land.
Time changes all things, there is no reason why language should escape
this universal law (Saussure: 2011) Therefore, a language tends to change, even to
the world’s major languages, such as English, Arabic, French, Chinese, Japanese,
Spanish and many others. It is estimated the rates of lexical evolution for 200
fundamental vocabulary meanings in 87 indo-European languages such as
English, Spanish, Russian, and Greek (Page, Vendetta, and Meade: 2007). This
phenomenon also occurs in Arabic, with classical Arabic and modern Arabic.
Classical Arabic has its origin in the central and northern parts of the Arabian
Peninsula. This is also known as Quran Arabic. While, modern Arabic is more
commonly used in writing and in formal speaking all over the Arab now. Even the
morphology and syntax basically unchanged but lexis and stylistic of Modern
Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic are different.
Language is always changing. Language change is variation over time in a
language’s phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features.
Lexical change is probably the most frequent type of language change and
certainly the easiest to observe. Lexical change is manifested in every single of
lexical classes of a language, such as noun, verb, adjectives, adverb, pronoun,
3
preposition, conjunction and interjection. Lexical changes usually involve the
introduction of ‘new’ lexical items into the language. Changes in the lexicon also
occur, among which are changes in the lexical categories of words (their part of
speech), addition of new words, the borrowing of words from another language,
the loss of the words and the shift in the meaning over time.
Batu Bara Malay dialect is changing too particularly the lexical item of
Batu Bara Malay dialect. The word ‘bangsi’ which are no longer spoken by Batu
Bara Malay population regarded as one of lexical loss of Batu Bara Malay. Bangsi
is a kind of flute made of bamboo and blown from the upper end (Wahid: 2008).
The word no longer uttered in Batu Bara because the flute is rarely found now.
Another empirical exemplification of lexical loss is ‘kalimomo’ (dandruff), The
word is not practiced anymore and replaced by the word ‘ketombe’ which is
borrowed from Indonesian language. Another case of lexical change in Malay
Batu Bara is the word ‘lurut’, the word implies a traditional tool of Batu Bara
Malay communities used to peel woven leaves to be tender (Wahid: 2008). The
object ‘lurut’ is no longer found in Batu Bara because mat craft is no longer
practiced and pandan plant which is the base material for the craft is rarely found
nowdays; all of these are considered lexical losses of Batu Bara Malay.
Culture has profound influence on language change. The term was first
used by pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive
Culture. He said that culture is ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society (Tylor: 1871). Culture is the characteristics of a
4
particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine,
social habits, music and arts. From the definitions, we can conclude that language
is part of culture, the inclusion of a new culture in the era of globalization was
inevitable to give change to the Batu Bara Malay, and this is the influences of
modernization of Batu Bara.
Language contact also has a significant effect on language change,
language contact occurs when two or more language or varieties interact.
Language contact is the use of more than one language at the same place. The
most common result of language contact is change in some or all of the language
…and the most common specific type of influence is the borrowing of words
(Thomason: 2001). The population of the different tribes living in the Batu Bara
caused the Batu Bara Malay society use Indonesian language in interacting among
themselves. This gradually impact on the lack of the use of certain words of
Malay Batu Bara and this caused many Indonesian words are borrowed or
transferred into Batu Bara Malay Dialect.
Attitude toward language is also having significant effect on language.
Language attitudes are the feelings people have about their own language variety
or language varieties of others. Attitude to language appear to be important in
language restoration, preservation, decay or death (Baker: 1995). The tendency of
youngsters in Batu Bara Malay dialect provides a significant effect of lexical
change to the language. They consider the words old fashioned and prefer to
practice Indonesian language in their daily lives. Besides youngsters attitudes
mentioned previously, other factor that affect language change is technology
5
(Trask: 2010). The technology development could lead to certain words disappear
and formed new word, the word “luko” is no longer practices because the
equipment was not found in Batu Bara. The tool is ineffective for use. The tool is
a kind of bamboo designed in such a way and can only be used in narrow fishpond
and only accommodate a fish.
Linguist also predicts that rapid endangerment and death of much minority
language is an irretrievable loss to mankind. By some counts, only 600 of the
6000 or so languages in the world are ‘safe’ from the threat of existinction. On
some reckonings, the world will, by the end of the twenty-first century, be
dominated by small number of major languages (Crystal: 2003). The reality of
lexical change in Batu Bara Malay dialects is in potentially endangered language.
In addition, it is obvious that Batu bare Malay dialect is a new phenomenon to
which lexical loss takes place.
Having the previous explanation, it is feasible to assert, that lexical
change consists of types, patterns and context of changes. The word type define
lower taxonomic category selected as a standard or reference for a higher category
or something distinguishable as a variety. The types of lexical change defined as
the sort of change realized in the lexicon, which might be creation of lexicon, loss
of Lexicons like previous examples (Warsi: 2010). The word patterns indicate
reliable sample of tendencies, or other observable characteristic of a thing. The
pattern of lexical change defined as the tendency or characteristic of the way how
the change takes place in lexicon, eg. Pattern of lexical change of the two words
“kentaki and kape” is external lexical creation. Meanwhile, the context of lexical
6
change is the condition that influence the changes in lexical. The context of
lexical change is the situation and condition in which lexical change happens.
From the previous discussion it can be said that lexical change occurred in
any living language, the writer also found those changes in Batu Bara Malay
dialect, and as a young woman who was born and raised in Batu Bara interested to
investigate more closely what types the changes are, how the patterns and what
the context of the change.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study is presented in the question of “how is the
lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?” This question is elaborated into more
specific question, such as:
1. What are the types of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
2. What are the lexical change patterns of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
3. In what context the Batu Bara Malay dialect changes?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
This research is aimed at studying the new phenomenon on lexical
changes of Batu Bara Malay dialect. It particularly attempted to objectively
describe the lexical change as well as the ways and contexts of Batu Bara Malay
dialect change. Thus, the objectives of this study were elaborated as the following:
1. To investigate types of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
2. To describe the pattern of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
3. To explain the contexts for lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
7
1.4 The scope of the Study
The various language change domains and the numerous classes (or parts
of speech) of language result in the researcher’s scope of the study to the lexical
change, particularly to the change of noun, verb, adjectives, adverb, pronoun,
preposition, and interjection of Batu Bara Malay dialect. Particularly, it is an
attempt to provide an objectives and explanative description of the lexical change
of lexical classes of Batu Bara Malay dialect.
1.5 The Significant of the Study
The purpose of academic research is to gain a better understanding on a
certain subject. The findings of this study are especially relevant in the field of
linguistics. The findings are expected would be contributed to a deeper
comprehension of language change and sociolinguistics in Batu Bara.
The
findings of this study are also strongly expected to have theoretically and
practically indispensible significances. Theoretically, the research findings
expected would be valuable contribution for other researcher who will conduct a
research in the field of language changes. Practically, on the other hand, the
research findings would be beneficial as the evidence of Batu Bara Malay dialect
change which serve as a core embryo of consideration for language planning
policy of the government of Batu Bara Regency which is urgently useful for Batu
Bara Malay Dialect maintenance in the future. This study will provide information
to the Batu Bare society, especially Batu Bara’s local government of the existence
and importance of Batu Bare Malay Dialect. In addition, this study is also
8
expected to bring awareness to the local government of Batu Bara to take action
against the preservation of its language.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the lexical
changes, patterns and context Batu Bara Malay dialect in previous chapters,
conclusion is drawn as follows:
1. The changes of Batu Bara Malay dialect emerges on every single sort of
lexical changes e.g. lexical loss, semantic change and lexical addition.
2. The lexical change patterns of Batu Bara Malay dialect are totally realized
in various ways according to its type. Firstly, lexical loss is proportionally
pattered into potential and total lexical loss. Secondly, Lexical addition
flow under a crisp and concise method i.e. external lexical borrowing, and
this method comprised into: Loan Word, Loan Translation, Loan
Bifurcation, Loan Coinage, and Loan Clipping. Thirdly, semantic change
patterns are categorized into: Narrowing and Bifurcation.
3. The division of lexical change context in Batu Bara Malay dialect varies
and is considerably linkable with every sort single of lexical change type.
Firstly,
Socio
Cultural,
Language
Attitude,
Langauge
Contact,
Technological Development and Homonymic plays important role as the
influential causes of lexical loss. Secondly, Psychological Factor, Socio
cultural change, language contact, and technological factor, are viewed as
the core source of semantic change. Thirdly, technological development,
96
97
socio cultural and language contact are treated as the numerously sustained
factors of lexical creation in Batu Bara Malay dialect.
5.3 Implication
The conclusion drawn above convincingly yield a couple of implications:
1.
The changes of Batu Bara Malay dialect occur on every single sort
of lexical changes: lexical loss, semantic change, and lexical
addition. The noun which contains the highest number of lexical
change bridges the attention of Indonesian influence, the national
and official language, as an easily naturalized language since it
consists of the same linguistic characteristic with Batu Bara Malay
dialect, not English which is from completely different root of
language.
2.
District population is inhabited by people from various ethnic and
this leads to the high frequency of using Indonesian language in
their daily communication and impact on the lack of use of the
Batu Bara Malay dialect. Gradually, this will bridges Batu Bara
Malay as an endangered language.
3.
The deviation of the number of every single sort of lexical changes
is definitely implicated by the influence and status of Batu Bara
people’s
characteristic
of
life,
culture,
and
technological
development.
4.
The demand of times has changed socio-cultural circumstances of
Batu Bara. Society of Batu Bara abandoned old habits and old
98
ways, and this also increased to lexical change of Batu Bara Malay
dialect.
5.
In educational setting, the various changes of Batu Bara Malay
dialect lexicon implicitly implicate that language standardization,
i.e. selection, codification, elaboration and acceptance, is not
totally employed, consequently it bears an en anormously
complicated problem impeding the success of teaching and
learning Batu Bara Malay dialect to the next generation.
5.3
Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some
worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
1.
Language attitude play an important role in the extinction and
preservation of the Batu Bara Malay dialect and to raise awareness
of the importance of the preservation of Batu Bara Malay dialect,
the role official government of Batu Bara is highly expected.
2.
It is advisable to the language users of Batu Bara Malay dialect to
speake Batu Bara Malay dialect in their daily life at home, office
and school. By doing so, their language attitude towards Batu Bara
Malay dialect will eventually increase.
3.
It is strongly suggested to the local government of Batu Bara
regency to take into account about the maintenance and
standardization Batu Bara Malay dialect through the establishment
of standardization Batu Bara Malay dialect dictionary, formalized
99
material, the existence of Batu Bara Malay dialect can be handled
down to the next generation.
4.
It is also expected to the teachers, student and other practitioners to
make writing in Batu Bara Malay dialect. This technique is
indispensible useful to gain the access of another expert’s interest
and attention about the entity of Batu Bara Malay dialect.
5.
To the linguistic. Researchers and those who are extremely
interested to investigate the practical techniques in decreasing the
number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical
creation of Batu Bara Malay dialect. Through this step, the
development of Batu Bara Malay dialect will emerge among other
tribes in Indonesia.
100
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A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics, Post Graduated School
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of
Magister Humaniora.
By
NENI SRIWAHYUNI HARTATI
Registration Number: 8106112040
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POST GRADUATED SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
ABSTRACT
Neni Sriwahyuni Hartati. Lexical Change in Batu Bara Malay Dialect. A
Thesis. English Applied Linguistic Study Program Post Graduated School.
State University of Medan. 2015.
The research presented in this thesis addresses to investigate the lexical change of
Batu Bara Malay dialect which is elaborated into three more specific aims that is
investigated the types, patterns and context of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay
dialect. Types of change are distinguishable as a variety or short of change
realized in the lexicon. The pattern of lexical change defined as the tendency or
characteristic of the way how the change takes place in lexicon, context of lexical
change is the condition triggers of change, condition in which lexical change
happens. Data are gathered in naturalistic setting, which primarily consist of
documentary research, interview and participant observation. The highly critical,
systematic analysis with Miles and Huberman model reveals Batu Bara Malay
dialect change. This research has drawn the following conclusion, firstly, the
types of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect comprises into three categories
i.e. lexical loss, lexical addition and semantic change of lexical. Secondly, the
lexical of Batu Bara Malay dialect change pattern has been categorized into:
lexical loss which is classified into potential and total lexical loss. Lexical
addition through borrowing words which is decomposed into five more specific
pattern i.e. loan word, loan translation and loan bifurcation, loan coinage and loan
clipping. Semantic changes are patterned to narrowing and bifurcation. Thirdly,
the context of lexical change, context of lexical loss are socio cultural, language
attitude, language contact, technological development and homonymic. Contexts
of lexical addition are technological development, socio cultural and language
contact. Context of semantic change are psychological factor, socio cultural
change, and language contact. The lexical changes in Batu Bara dialect is the
evidence that lexical change can occur in any languages and dialects of the world.
This could be negative indication to the preservation of the language. In this case,
the local government of Batu Bara is the leading parties to preserve the dialect.
Key words: Lexical change, Batu Bara Malay Dialect.
i
ABSTRAK
Neni Sriwahyuni Hartati. Perubahan Leksikal Pada Dialek Melayu Batu
Bara. Sebuah Thesis. Program Pasca Sarjana Linguistik Terapan Bahasa
Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2015.
Penelitian yang disajikan dalam tesis ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki perubahan
leksikal pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara yang dijabarkan kedalam tiga sasaran
penelitian yang lebih spesifik yaitu menyelidiki jenis, pola dan konteks perubahan
pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara. Jenis perubahan leksikal diartikan sebagai varitas
perubahan yang terjadi pada leksikal. Pola perubahan leksikal didefinisikan
sebagai kecenderungan atau karakteristik perubahan yang terjadi pada leksikal.
Konteks perubahan leksikal merupakan kondisi yang memicu perubahan atau
keadaan dimana perubahan leksikal itu terjadi. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh
secara empiris yang terdiri dari pengumpulan dokumen, interview dan observasi.
Analisis yang akurat dan sistematis dengan model Miles dan Huberman
digunakan untuk menguji data pada perubahan dialek Melayu Batu Bara.
Penelitian ini menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut, Pertama jenis perubahan
leksikal pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara terdiri dari tiga kategori yaitu hilangnya
leksikal, penambahan leksikal dan perubahan makna pada leksikal. Kedua, pola
perubahan pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara yang dikategorikan: Hilangnya leksikal
diklasifikasikan kedalam potensial hilang dan total hilang. Penambahan leksikal
melalui peminjaman kata yang diuraikan kedalam lima pola yang spesifik yaitu
loan word, loan translation, loan bifurcation, loan coinage dan loan clipping.
Perubahan makna pada leksikal dipolakan kedalam penyempitan makna dan
pencabangan makna. Ketiga, konteks perubahan leksikal: konteks hilangnya
leksikal disebabkan perubahan social budaya, sikap terhadap budaya, kontak
bahasa, perkembangan teknologi dan persamaan bunyi. Konteks penambahan
leksikal disebabkan oleh perkembangan teknologi, social budaya dan kontak
bahasa. Konteks perubahan makna disebabkan faktor psikologi, perubahan social
budaya dan kontak bahasa. Perubahan leksikal pada dialek Melayu Batu Bara
merupakan bukti perubahan leksikal dapat terjadi pada bahasa dan dialek mana
saja di dunia. Hal ini dapat menjadi indikasi negative terhadap kelestarian bahasa
tersebut. Dalam hal ini, pemerintah daerah Batu Bara mempunyai peran yang
sangat penting dalam melestarikan dialek Mereka.
Kata kunci: Perubahan leksical, dialek Melayu Batu Bara.
ii
ACKNOWLEDMENT
All praise due to Allah, the lord of the Worlds, the beneficent and the
merciful for His strange and his glory bless which make me able to do this
research and composed this thesis. This thesis is the result of consortium of
individuals who have supported me in countless way. Now is my chance to
thanks. Being based at the English Linguistics Study Program in the State
University of Medan has, to say the least, broadened my English linguistics
horizon. Particularly to my advisors who has supported me from day one. Prof.
Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M. Hum succeeded in
combining structure with freedom, honesty with encouragement, precision with
inspiration, and humor with scientific reason. Thank you for my both advisor, for
being the best advisors I have wished for.
My thanks also go to Prof. Dr. H. Ramli Abdul Wahid, MA, for giving me
Batu Bara Malay language dictionary compiled by him and printed it for me. This
has been guided me in my research, May Allah bless him.
The research environment in which I conduct this research was situated is
highly knowledgeable and personable. I am grateful to my brother and sister,
Farid Adnir Haekel and Zahratul Wardah who has connected me to the head of
Talawi, Tanjung Tiram and Lima Puluh district in obtaining permission to
conduct research in the districts. Thank you for this, without your help I doubt that
I would be writing this.
iii
The backbone of almost all collecting data are through directly involved to
the study site and many colleagues and friends have assisted me in doing this,
especially to Umi Kalsum and Sister Diah, Thank you all for welcoming me to
your facilities.
This thesis was strongly supported by valuable suggestion and critics from
these great reviewer members: Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph. D, Dr. Rahmad
Husein, M. Ed and Dr, T. Thyrhaya Zein, M. A who received this proposal and
generously contributed to my research. Thanks you for this, and so much more.
Especially to Ade Fernanda Wijaya, SP. M.M, and My husband who has
generously welcomed me on many occasions, thank you for making it that much
easier for me, without your love and help, I would never have been able to
complete this thesis. My sincerest appreciation is addressed to my parents who
have sincerely cared for me. They encouraged me the value of humor, spontaneity
and discussion in raising me. To My kids, Baihaqqi, Fatahillah, Sulthan and
Yusuf, your laughter and smiles has strengthened me through tough times in the
construction of this thesis.
Last but not least, I owe special debt to brother Farid as the staff of
administrative affairs at the English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
made sure that the appropriate procedures ran smoothly.
Medan, December 2015
The Writer
Neni Sriwahyuni Hartati
Registration Number: 8106112040
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the Study ................................................................
1
1.2 The Focus of the Study ...........................................................................
6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ....................................................................
6
1.4 The Scope of the Study ...........................................................................
7
1.5 The Significant of the Study ...................................................................
7
CHAPTER II: RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW ............................
9
2.1 Language Change....................................................................................
9
2.1.1 The Nature of Language Change .........................................................
9
2.1.2 The Types of Language Change ..........................................................
9
2.2 Lexical Change .......................................................................................
11
2.2.1 What is Lexical Change .......................................................................
11
2.2.2 The Types of lexical change ................................................................
14
2.2.2.1 The Loss of Lexical Item ..................................................................
14
2.2.2.2 Change of Meaning ...........................................................................
15
2.2.2.3 The Creation of New Lexical Item ...................................................
20
2.2.2.3.1 Typologies of Word Formation Process ........................................
22
2.2.3 Patterns of Lexical Change .................................................................
29
2.2.4 Typologies of the Context for Lexical Creation ..................................
30
2.2.4.1 Typologies of the Context for Lexical Loss......................................
31
2.2.4.2 Typologies of the Context for Semantic Change ..............................
32
2.2.4.3 Typologies of the Context for Creation of Lexical Item ...................
35
v
2.3 Lexical Class ...........................................................................................
35
2.3.1 Noun ....................................................................................................
36
2.3.2 Verb......................................................................................................
37
2.3.3 Adjective ..............................................................................................
38
2.3.4 Adverb .................................................................................................
38
2.3.4 Pronoun ................................................................................................
39
2.3.5 Preposition ...........................................................................................
39
2.3.6 Conjunction ..........................................................................................
39
2.3.7 Interjection ...........................................................................................
41
2.4 Batu Bara ................................................................................................
41
2.4.1 Batu Bara Malay ..................................................................................
43
2.4.1.1 Dialect ...............................................................................................
43
2.4.1.2 Batu Bara Malay Dialect ...................................................................
45
2.5 Relevant Studies .....................................................................................
46
2.6 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................
48
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD..................................................
50
3.1 Research Design ......................................................................................
50
3.2 Subjects of the Study ..............................................................................
50
3.3 The Data of the Study .............................................................................
51
3.4 The Techniques of Data Collection ........................................................
52
3.5 The Procedures of Data Collection .........................................................
53
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis .............................................................
54
3.7 The Trustworthiness of the Data .............................................................
55
vi
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS,
AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................
57
4.1 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................
57
4.1.1 The Description of Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .............
58
4.1.1.1 Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .........................................
61
4.1.1.2 Semantic Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................................
62
4.1.1.3 Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ..................................
64
4.1.2 Patterns of Lexical Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....................
66
4.1.2.1 Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Dialect ....................................................
66
4.1.2.1.1 Potential Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .......................
67
4.1.2.1.2 Total Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .........................................
68
4.1.2.2 Semantic Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................................
70
4.1.2.2.1 Narrowing ......................................................................................
71
4.1.2.2.2 Bifurcation .....................................................................................
72
4.1.2.3 Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ..................................
73
4.1.2.3.1 Lexical Borrowing of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ............................
74
4.1.2.3.1.1 Loan Word of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....................................
75
4.1.2.3.1.2 Loan Translation of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ............................
76
4.1.2.3.1.3 Loan Coinage of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................................
77
4.1.2.3.1.4 Loan Bifurcation of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ............................
78
4.1.2.3.1.5 Loan Clipping of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ................................
79
4.1.3 The Context of Lexical Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ..............
81
vii
4.1.3.1 The Context of Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ................
81
4.1.3.2 The Context of Semantic Change of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ........
83
4.1.3.3 The Context of Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .........
84
4.2 Research Findings ...................................................................................
86
4.3. Discussions ............................................................................................
88
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATION
AND SUGGESTION ........................................................
96
5.1 Conclusion ..............................................................................................
96
5.2 Implication ..............................................................................................
97
5.3 Suggestion ...............................................................................................
98
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
100
APPENDICES .............................................................................................
103
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Pages
Figure 4.1 Lexical Creation Pattern of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .................
v
73
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1
Boundaries of Batu Bara .......................................................
42
Table 4.1
Lexical Change Based on Its Lexical Classes .......................
58
Table 4.2
Example of Lexical Change ..................................................
59
Table 4.3
Percentage of Lexical Loss Based on Its Lexical Classes.....
61
Table 4.4
Percentage of Semantic Change Based on Its Lexical Classes
63
Table 4.5
Percentage of Lexical Addition Based on Its Lexicon Classes
64
Table 4.6
Percentage of Lexical Addition Based on Its Source ............
65
Table 4.7
Number of Occurrence of Semantic Change Pattern ............
70
Table 4.8
Narrowing Pattern of Semantic Change................................
71
Table 4.9
Bifurcation Pattern of Semantic Change ...............................
72
Table 4.10
Lexical Addition Based on Its Sources .................................
74
Table 4.11
Loan Word of Lexical Addition ............................................
75
Table 4.12
Loan Translation of Lexical Addition ...................................
76
Table 4.13
Loan Coinage of Lexical Addition........................................
77
Table 4.14
Loan Bifurcation of Lexical Addition ...................................
79
Table 4.15
Loan Clipping of Lexical Addition .......................................
79
LIST OF MATRIXS
Pages
Matrix 4.1
Types, Pattern, and Context Of Lexical Changes of
Batu Bara Malay Dialect .......................................................
57
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix 1
Lexical Loss of Batu Bara Malay Dialect Based
on Its Classes .........................................................................
103
Appendix 2
Lexical Loss ‘Patterns’ of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ...........
110
Appendix 3
List of Semantic Change in Batu Bara Malay Dialect Based
on Its Lexical Classes ............................................................
116
Appendix 4
Semantic Change ‘Patterns’ of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....
117
Appendix 5
List of Lexical Addition of Batu Bara Malay Dialect ...........
118
Appendix 6
Lexical Addition ‘Patterns’ of Batu Bara Malay Dialect .....
124
Appendix 7
Interview ...............................................................................
130
LIST OF TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
Content word:
Words such as nouns, most verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs that refer to some object, action, or
characteristic which function primarily to express
the grammatical relationship between other words in
a sentence.
Euphemism:
The substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive or
one that may offend or suggest something
unpleasant.
Homonym:
One of a group of words that share the same
spelling and the same pronunciation but have
different meanings.
Language attitude:
The feeling people have about their own language
variety or the languages or language varieties of
others.
Language Change:
A change process of words due the loss, meaning
changes and creation of linguistic item.
Language codification:
The methods by which a language is standardized
these methods include the creation and use of
dictionaries, style and usage guides, traditional
grammar textbook, and the like.
Lexical creation:
A process of adopting, borrowing, naturalizing
another linguistic item.
Language contact:
Occurs when two or more languages or varieties
interact.
Lexical loss:
An unrecognizable meaning of the word because its
referent lost.
Language standardization:
The process by which conventional forms of a
language are established and maintained.
Literal meaning:
Literal means straightforward or factual; the
dictionary meaning of a word.
Metaphor:
A figure of speech in which an implied comparison
is made between two unlike that actually have
something important in common.
v
Metonymy:
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is
substituted for another with which it is closely
associated.
Natural language:
A human language which is arises in an
unpremeditated fashion as the result of innate
facility for language processed by human intellect.
Potential lexical losses:
A change of word meaning.
Semantic change:
A Change of word meaning.
Total lexical loss:
Totally unrecognizable meaning of lexical item.
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Batu Bara Malay specifically Batu Bara Malay dialect is a dialect of Malay
spoken in Batu Bara Regency, Regency in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Batu Bara
Malay is one of Malay dialect spread across Indonesia. The speaker spread out
across 98 villages in Batu Bara Regency, particularly uttered by the Malay tribe
population and partly by other tribe who have been living and mingling with the
Malay tribe population.
Malay is a major language that spread not only in Indonesia but also in
neighboring countries such as Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines and
some parts of Madagascar. Malay is one natural language among thousand’s
natural language in the world and classified as the major language of the
Austronesia family... (Bauer: 1983).
To this day, Malay language origin is still debatable, Malay language origin is
a region where the beginning Malay language was uttered. There are two strong
opinions stating Malay Language origin. First opinion stating that Malay language
native’s land is central Asia region and the second opinion states that the Malay
language native’s land in one of the regions in Indonesia, the island of Sumatra,
which is the kingdom of Srivijava and is regarded as the first national kingdom in
Indonesia.
1
2
Geographical diversity of speakers of Malay has led to variation in Malay
was called Malay dialect. Although at first they were a single origin because the
breakdown of the relationship between one group against another in a very long
time , then a group set a way of life and use their own substitutions according to
the nature and purposes of the state of their respective lives. This is due to the
emergency of various dialects in the Malay Peninsula Land.
Time changes all things, there is no reason why language should escape
this universal law (Saussure: 2011) Therefore, a language tends to change, even to
the world’s major languages, such as English, Arabic, French, Chinese, Japanese,
Spanish and many others. It is estimated the rates of lexical evolution for 200
fundamental vocabulary meanings in 87 indo-European languages such as
English, Spanish, Russian, and Greek (Page, Vendetta, and Meade: 2007). This
phenomenon also occurs in Arabic, with classical Arabic and modern Arabic.
Classical Arabic has its origin in the central and northern parts of the Arabian
Peninsula. This is also known as Quran Arabic. While, modern Arabic is more
commonly used in writing and in formal speaking all over the Arab now. Even the
morphology and syntax basically unchanged but lexis and stylistic of Modern
Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic are different.
Language is always changing. Language change is variation over time in a
language’s phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features.
Lexical change is probably the most frequent type of language change and
certainly the easiest to observe. Lexical change is manifested in every single of
lexical classes of a language, such as noun, verb, adjectives, adverb, pronoun,
3
preposition, conjunction and interjection. Lexical changes usually involve the
introduction of ‘new’ lexical items into the language. Changes in the lexicon also
occur, among which are changes in the lexical categories of words (their part of
speech), addition of new words, the borrowing of words from another language,
the loss of the words and the shift in the meaning over time.
Batu Bara Malay dialect is changing too particularly the lexical item of
Batu Bara Malay dialect. The word ‘bangsi’ which are no longer spoken by Batu
Bara Malay population regarded as one of lexical loss of Batu Bara Malay. Bangsi
is a kind of flute made of bamboo and blown from the upper end (Wahid: 2008).
The word no longer uttered in Batu Bara because the flute is rarely found now.
Another empirical exemplification of lexical loss is ‘kalimomo’ (dandruff), The
word is not practiced anymore and replaced by the word ‘ketombe’ which is
borrowed from Indonesian language. Another case of lexical change in Malay
Batu Bara is the word ‘lurut’, the word implies a traditional tool of Batu Bara
Malay communities used to peel woven leaves to be tender (Wahid: 2008). The
object ‘lurut’ is no longer found in Batu Bara because mat craft is no longer
practiced and pandan plant which is the base material for the craft is rarely found
nowdays; all of these are considered lexical losses of Batu Bara Malay.
Culture has profound influence on language change. The term was first
used by pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor in his book, Primitive
Culture. He said that culture is ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society (Tylor: 1871). Culture is the characteristics of a
4
particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine,
social habits, music and arts. From the definitions, we can conclude that language
is part of culture, the inclusion of a new culture in the era of globalization was
inevitable to give change to the Batu Bara Malay, and this is the influences of
modernization of Batu Bara.
Language contact also has a significant effect on language change,
language contact occurs when two or more language or varieties interact.
Language contact is the use of more than one language at the same place. The
most common result of language contact is change in some or all of the language
…and the most common specific type of influence is the borrowing of words
(Thomason: 2001). The population of the different tribes living in the Batu Bara
caused the Batu Bara Malay society use Indonesian language in interacting among
themselves. This gradually impact on the lack of the use of certain words of
Malay Batu Bara and this caused many Indonesian words are borrowed or
transferred into Batu Bara Malay Dialect.
Attitude toward language is also having significant effect on language.
Language attitudes are the feelings people have about their own language variety
or language varieties of others. Attitude to language appear to be important in
language restoration, preservation, decay or death (Baker: 1995). The tendency of
youngsters in Batu Bara Malay dialect provides a significant effect of lexical
change to the language. They consider the words old fashioned and prefer to
practice Indonesian language in their daily lives. Besides youngsters attitudes
mentioned previously, other factor that affect language change is technology
5
(Trask: 2010). The technology development could lead to certain words disappear
and formed new word, the word “luko” is no longer practices because the
equipment was not found in Batu Bara. The tool is ineffective for use. The tool is
a kind of bamboo designed in such a way and can only be used in narrow fishpond
and only accommodate a fish.
Linguist also predicts that rapid endangerment and death of much minority
language is an irretrievable loss to mankind. By some counts, only 600 of the
6000 or so languages in the world are ‘safe’ from the threat of existinction. On
some reckonings, the world will, by the end of the twenty-first century, be
dominated by small number of major languages (Crystal: 2003). The reality of
lexical change in Batu Bara Malay dialects is in potentially endangered language.
In addition, it is obvious that Batu bare Malay dialect is a new phenomenon to
which lexical loss takes place.
Having the previous explanation, it is feasible to assert, that lexical
change consists of types, patterns and context of changes. The word type define
lower taxonomic category selected as a standard or reference for a higher category
or something distinguishable as a variety. The types of lexical change defined as
the sort of change realized in the lexicon, which might be creation of lexicon, loss
of Lexicons like previous examples (Warsi: 2010). The word patterns indicate
reliable sample of tendencies, or other observable characteristic of a thing. The
pattern of lexical change defined as the tendency or characteristic of the way how
the change takes place in lexicon, eg. Pattern of lexical change of the two words
“kentaki and kape” is external lexical creation. Meanwhile, the context of lexical
6
change is the condition that influence the changes in lexical. The context of
lexical change is the situation and condition in which lexical change happens.
From the previous discussion it can be said that lexical change occurred in
any living language, the writer also found those changes in Batu Bara Malay
dialect, and as a young woman who was born and raised in Batu Bara interested to
investigate more closely what types the changes are, how the patterns and what
the context of the change.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study is presented in the question of “how is the
lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?” This question is elaborated into more
specific question, such as:
1. What are the types of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
2. What are the lexical change patterns of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
3. In what context the Batu Bara Malay dialect changes?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
This research is aimed at studying the new phenomenon on lexical
changes of Batu Bara Malay dialect. It particularly attempted to objectively
describe the lexical change as well as the ways and contexts of Batu Bara Malay
dialect change. Thus, the objectives of this study were elaborated as the following:
1. To investigate types of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
2. To describe the pattern of lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
3. To explain the contexts for lexical change of Batu Bara Malay dialect?
7
1.4 The scope of the Study
The various language change domains and the numerous classes (or parts
of speech) of language result in the researcher’s scope of the study to the lexical
change, particularly to the change of noun, verb, adjectives, adverb, pronoun,
preposition, and interjection of Batu Bara Malay dialect. Particularly, it is an
attempt to provide an objectives and explanative description of the lexical change
of lexical classes of Batu Bara Malay dialect.
1.5 The Significant of the Study
The purpose of academic research is to gain a better understanding on a
certain subject. The findings of this study are especially relevant in the field of
linguistics. The findings are expected would be contributed to a deeper
comprehension of language change and sociolinguistics in Batu Bara.
The
findings of this study are also strongly expected to have theoretically and
practically indispensible significances. Theoretically, the research findings
expected would be valuable contribution for other researcher who will conduct a
research in the field of language changes. Practically, on the other hand, the
research findings would be beneficial as the evidence of Batu Bara Malay dialect
change which serve as a core embryo of consideration for language planning
policy of the government of Batu Bara Regency which is urgently useful for Batu
Bara Malay Dialect maintenance in the future. This study will provide information
to the Batu Bare society, especially Batu Bara’s local government of the existence
and importance of Batu Bare Malay Dialect. In addition, this study is also
8
expected to bring awareness to the local government of Batu Bara to take action
against the preservation of its language.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the description, explanation and discussion about the lexical
changes, patterns and context Batu Bara Malay dialect in previous chapters,
conclusion is drawn as follows:
1. The changes of Batu Bara Malay dialect emerges on every single sort of
lexical changes e.g. lexical loss, semantic change and lexical addition.
2. The lexical change patterns of Batu Bara Malay dialect are totally realized
in various ways according to its type. Firstly, lexical loss is proportionally
pattered into potential and total lexical loss. Secondly, Lexical addition
flow under a crisp and concise method i.e. external lexical borrowing, and
this method comprised into: Loan Word, Loan Translation, Loan
Bifurcation, Loan Coinage, and Loan Clipping. Thirdly, semantic change
patterns are categorized into: Narrowing and Bifurcation.
3. The division of lexical change context in Batu Bara Malay dialect varies
and is considerably linkable with every sort single of lexical change type.
Firstly,
Socio
Cultural,
Language
Attitude,
Langauge
Contact,
Technological Development and Homonymic plays important role as the
influential causes of lexical loss. Secondly, Psychological Factor, Socio
cultural change, language contact, and technological factor, are viewed as
the core source of semantic change. Thirdly, technological development,
96
97
socio cultural and language contact are treated as the numerously sustained
factors of lexical creation in Batu Bara Malay dialect.
5.3 Implication
The conclusion drawn above convincingly yield a couple of implications:
1.
The changes of Batu Bara Malay dialect occur on every single sort
of lexical changes: lexical loss, semantic change, and lexical
addition. The noun which contains the highest number of lexical
change bridges the attention of Indonesian influence, the national
and official language, as an easily naturalized language since it
consists of the same linguistic characteristic with Batu Bara Malay
dialect, not English which is from completely different root of
language.
2.
District population is inhabited by people from various ethnic and
this leads to the high frequency of using Indonesian language in
their daily communication and impact on the lack of use of the
Batu Bara Malay dialect. Gradually, this will bridges Batu Bara
Malay as an endangered language.
3.
The deviation of the number of every single sort of lexical changes
is definitely implicated by the influence and status of Batu Bara
people’s
characteristic
of
life,
culture,
and
technological
development.
4.
The demand of times has changed socio-cultural circumstances of
Batu Bara. Society of Batu Bara abandoned old habits and old
98
ways, and this also increased to lexical change of Batu Bara Malay
dialect.
5.
In educational setting, the various changes of Batu Bara Malay
dialect lexicon implicitly implicate that language standardization,
i.e. selection, codification, elaboration and acceptance, is not
totally employed, consequently it bears an en anormously
complicated problem impeding the success of teaching and
learning Batu Bara Malay dialect to the next generation.
5.3
Suggestions
Dealing with the findings of this research which are problematic, some
worth considering pieces of suggestion are provided below.
1.
Language attitude play an important role in the extinction and
preservation of the Batu Bara Malay dialect and to raise awareness
of the importance of the preservation of Batu Bara Malay dialect,
the role official government of Batu Bara is highly expected.
2.
It is advisable to the language users of Batu Bara Malay dialect to
speake Batu Bara Malay dialect in their daily life at home, office
and school. By doing so, their language attitude towards Batu Bara
Malay dialect will eventually increase.
3.
It is strongly suggested to the local government of Batu Bara
regency to take into account about the maintenance and
standardization Batu Bara Malay dialect through the establishment
of standardization Batu Bara Malay dialect dictionary, formalized
99
material, the existence of Batu Bara Malay dialect can be handled
down to the next generation.
4.
It is also expected to the teachers, student and other practitioners to
make writing in Batu Bara Malay dialect. This technique is
indispensible useful to gain the access of another expert’s interest
and attention about the entity of Batu Bara Malay dialect.
5.
To the linguistic. Researchers and those who are extremely
interested to investigate the practical techniques in decreasing the
number of lexical loss and increasing the number of lexical
creation of Batu Bara Malay dialect. Through this step, the
development of Batu Bara Malay dialect will emerge among other
tribes in Indonesia.
100
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