Emotional intelligence on main character in we were soldiers film
FITRIANI
104026000954
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
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A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Letters and Humanities
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
FITRIANI
104026000954
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
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i
The research is focused on film “We Were Soldiers” helmed by director Randall Wallace, based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… And Young by Lieutenant General Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway. The research is aimed at understanding the Emotional Intelligence and to find out that the Emotional Intelligence does affect successful teamwork.
In doing this research, the writer uses the qualitative-descriptive method. Here, the writer studied the film as the unit analysis. In the analysis, the writer found out the characteristics of the main character to represent a leadership characteristic of Emotional Intelligence by characterization of film. The characterization in this analysis is based on the dialogue, the appearance of character, and the interaction of the main character and his subordinates. After finding them out, the result from the first analysis is to support the effect of them on the other characters by using Daniel Goleman’s leadership theory of Emotional Intelligence and its implication for everyday life including the world of work.
“We Were Soldiers” is the film which tells the role of main character, Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore that describes his effectiveness as a leader in leading his subordinates in the homeland and especially in the chaos of the battle. The film narrates the leadership under Moore, in which 400 American troops took on 2000 North Vietnamese. The effectiveness of Moore is showed by the possession of Emotional Intelligence characteristics to his subordinates. The Emotional Intelligence on main character suggests that feelings (moods and emotions) play a central role in the leadership process and proposed that emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in a collaboration of teamwork.
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ii A Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Letters and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
By: FITRIANI 104026000954
Approved by Advisor
Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum 19781003 200112 2 002
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH” JAKARTA
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iii
The thesis has been defended before the Faculty Letters and Humanities’ Examination Committee on January 24, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, January 24, 2011
Examination Committee
Name Signature Date
1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd (Chair Person) ________ ________ NIP. 19640710 199302 1 006
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Secretary) ________ ________ NIP. 19781003 200112 2 002
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum (Advisor) ________ ________ NIP. 19781003 200112 2 002
4. Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum (Examiner 1) ________ ________ NIP. 19780126 200312 1 002
5. Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed (Examiner 2) ________ ________ NIP. 150 181 922
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knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, May 2011
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v
the master and creator of everything in the universe. Peace and salutation be upon
to the noble Prophet of Islam, Muhammad SAW and his household, his
companions and his faithful followers who strive in Allah’s religion of Islam.
Second, the writer wishes to express her gratitude from the bottom of her
heart to her parents: H. Yusuf Budiman and Hj. Sriwahyuningsih, thank you so
much for their financial support, prayers, and all contribution the writer needs to
finish her study in this university and much kisses to her beloved nephew Daffa Hanif Fahrizal who always makes her laughs, and cheer her up during processing
of finishing this thesis.
Next, the writer deeply appreciate the patience, suggestion, correction, and
advices of her advisor Ms. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum. Thanks for all, may God
bless her and her family.
The writer also wishes to say gratitude to the following persons:
1. Dr. H. Wahid Hasyim, M. Ag, the Dean of faculty of Adab and
Humanities, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.
2. Drs. Asep Saepuddin, M.Pd, the Chief of English Letters Department.
3. Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters
Department.
4. All lecturers of English Letters Department, for teaching precious knowledge and giving wonderful experiences.
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6. A final thank you goes to her friends in C class that she cannot mention
one by one. She can not say anything except thank you very much for giving their friendship, you are great friends.
May Allah bless us; the writer realizes that this paper has not been perfect
yet. Accordingly, the writer hopes any suggestion and criticism for this paper.
Jakarta, May 2011
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APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A.Background of the Study ... 1
B.Focus of Research ... C.Research Questions ... 6
D.Significance of the Research ... 7
E. Research Methodology ... 7
1. The Objective of the Research ... 7
2. Method ... 8
3. Technique of Data Analysis ... 8
4. Analysis Unit ... 8
5. Instruments ... 8
CHAPTER 11: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 9
A. Character ... 9
B. Characterization ... 11
C. Psychology ... 14
1. Introduction to Psychology ... 14
2. Psychology of Literature ... 14
D. Exploring Emotional Intelligence ... 15
1. Emotion and Emotional Intelligence ... 15
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e. Social Skills ... 20
3. Teamwork and Social Interdependence ... 20
4. Emotional Intelligence and Teamwork ... 24
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 26
A. Emotional Intelligence on Main Character, Lieutenant, Colonel Harold, George Moore in Film “We Were Soldier” ... 26
1. Self - Awareness ... 27
2. Self - Regulation ... 32
3. Motivation ... 35
4. Empathy ... 41
5. Social Skills ... 43
B. Emotional Intelligence and Teamwork in the Film “We Were Soldier” ... 48
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 56
A. Conclusion ... 56
B. Suggestion ... 58
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 60
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ABSTRACT
The research is focused on film “We Were Soldiers” helmed by director
Randall Wallace, based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… And Young by Lieutenant General Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway. The research is
aimed at understanding the Emotional Intelligence and to find out that the Emotional Intelligence does affect successful teamwork.
In doing this research, the writer uses the qualitative-descriptive method.
Here, the writer studied the film as the unit analysis. In the analysis, the writer
found out the characteristics of the main character to represent a leadership
characteristic of Emotional Intelligence by characterization of film. The
characterization in this analysis is based on the dialogue, the appearance of
character, and the interaction of the main character and his subordinates. After
finding them out, the result from the first analysis is to support the effect of them
on the other characters by using Daniel Goleman’s leadership theory of Emotional
Intelligence and its implication for everyday life including the world of work.
“We Were Soldiers” is the film which tells the role of main character, Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore that describes his effectiveness as a leader in
leading his subordinates in the homeland and especially in the chaos of the battle.
The film narrates the leadership under Moore, in which 400 American troops took
on 2000 North Vietnamese. The effectiveness of Moore is showed by the
possession of Emotional Intelligence characteristics to his subordinates. The
Emotional Intelligence on main character suggests that feelings (moods and emotions) play a central role in the leadership process and proposed that
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emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in a collaboration of teamwork.
INTRODUCTION
Emotions are contagious. When members of a team work together they
influence each other’s emotions at an unconscious level.1 Emotion is assumed as
human soul activity. According to Daniel Goleman emotion is absolutely the
sequence of motivation to act. Goleman states that the key to understand people’s
feeling is an ability to read non verbal message.2 The rule of thumb is that
interpersonal communication is 5% verbal and 95% nonverbal. This suggests that
most of the communication in a team or group is not cognitive, but emotional.
Thus, when members of a team are emotionally intelligent and use their emotional
skills appropriately, they can create an atmosphere conducive to effective
collaboration.3
Goleman has claimed that approximately 90% of star performers’ success in leadership is attributable to Emotional Intelligence.4 Emotional Intelligence is a
term coined by Daniel Goleman. Emotional intelligence consists of five main
elements - self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, motivation and social skills.
1
Daniel Goleman, et al,. Adapted from Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, Harvard Business School Publishing, 2001.
www.teleosleaders.com/.../Why_Emotional_Intelligence_Matters_for_Leaders.pdf -. Accessed on February, 2009.
2
Daniel Goleman, et. al., Introduction Psychology, USA: Random House, 1982. p.249. 3
Daniel Goleman, et al (2001) loc. cit.. 4
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Not only do star performance excel as individuals, but Emotional
Intelligence are the ones which are the best able to maximize a team’s potential in
pursuit of collective goals. In the other word, Emotional Intelligence is needed for successful teamwork.
In this research, the writer wants to analyze “We Were Soldiers” film that is released on March 1, 2002 and the film is adapted from the book ‘We Were
Soldiers Once . . . And Young’ by Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore and
Joseph L. Galloway, the only journalist willing to go into the front lines to capture
a first hand account of the war. The film produced by Arne L. Schmidt, Jim
Lemley, and Randall Wallace. It directed by Randall Wallace. The movie which
adapted from the book is based on a true story about a gruesome depiction of the
bloody engagement in which 400 American troops, under the leadership of
Moore, took on 2000 North Vietnamese.5
We Were Soldiers is the film which tells the role of main character,
Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore, that describes his effectiveness as a leader
in leading his subordinates in the homeland and especially in the chaos of the battle. The film narrates the leadership under Moore, in which 400 American
troops took on 2000 North Vietnamese.
Led by Lieutenant Colonel Harold Moore, the writer saw the unit cohesion
was shown by American troops in saving their trapped friend which ambushed by
Vietnamese. That is why, in this thesis, the writer is interested to analyze the
Emotional intelligence had by the main character that affect his subordinates’
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successful teamwork by using Daniel Goleman leadership theory. It can be taken
after watching the film.
Psychology
1. Introduction to psychology
Psychology is the one of human study seen from the aspects of their mind
and behavior. “Psychology” is derived from two Greek words; those are psychos
that means mind or soul and logos that means science.6 Psychology is as a
discipline science that specific to study human behavior have many space is that
quite wide in field and in human behavior. Generally, psychology is defined as
the science that of human behavior.7 From two statements above we may know
that psychology concern to their life that focuses on their mind and attitude.
2. Psychology of literature
Psychology of literature is the study of literature using literary work as the
object of psyche action. Author will use anything in his/her inner side in creating literary works. The author will seize his/her psyche indication and processing it
into the text. And the projection of the author experience will be projected
imaginarily into the text.
Literary work is seen as psychology phenomenon. It will show psyche
aspects through characters in the story. According to Jatman:
6
Thomas K. Landauer, Psychology: A Brief overview, United States of America: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1972. p.2
7
Norman L. Munn, L. Dodge Fenald JR., Peter S. Fernald, Introduction to Psychology, 2nd ed., United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969. p.4.
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“Karya sastra dan psikologi memang memiliki pertautan yang erat, secara tak langsung dan fungsional. Pertautan tak langsung, karena baik psikologi dan sastra memiliki objek yang sama yaitu kehidupan manusia. Psikologi dan sastra memiliki hubungan fungsional karena sama-sama untuk mempelajari keadaan jiwa orang lain, bedanya dalam psikologi gejala tersebut riil, sedangkan dalam sastra bfersifat imajinatif”.8
(“literary works and psychology indeed have connectionthat bound indirectly and functionally. The indirect bound caused either psychology and literary works have the same object which is human life. Psychology and literary have functional connection because both learning other people psycho. The difference in the symptoms of that psychology is real, whereas, in literature has an imaginative character)
There are some assumptions of psychology of literature; first, there is
judgement of literary work as the product of author mind and psyche in
subconscious situation and revealing it into the text (in conscious situation).
Conscious and subconscious always affect the author imagination processing. Strength of literary work can be seen by how the author could reveal his/her
unconscious psyche expression into the text.
Second, psychology of literature also analyzes the author aspects of mind
and feeling. It is about how the author able to depict characters of his/her work.
Exploring Emotional Intelligence 1. Emotion and Emotional Intelligence
An emotion is a mental and psychological state associated with a wide
variety of feeling, thoughts, and behavior. Talking about emotion is not released
8
Suwardi Endaswara, Metodology Penelitian Sastra (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyatama, 2003), cet. Ke-1, p.97.
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from the psychologist vision about the behaviorism. Emotion is part of personality
psychology.9
An emotion is a physiological response to a situation that is too important to leave to intellect alone, such as danger, painful loss, persisting towards goal
despite frustrations, bonding with a mate, building a family. In effect, we have two minds, one that thinks and one that feels. The brain evolved over a million
years to deal with the major challenges of survival - whether to fight or flee,
ignore, or embrace the approaching challenge. Although our day-to-day
challenges seldom relate to those faced by the caveman, social problems such as
road rage, drive-by shootings, and in-your face taunts on the sports field give
evidence to emotions out of the control of rational thought.10
Properly used, the emotions are an essential tool for successful and
fulfilling life. But out of control, emotions can result in disaster. In our day to-day
life, they affect our relations with other people, our self-identity, and our ability to
complete a task.
To be effective, our cognitive processes must be in control of our emotions, so that they work for us rather than against us.11 Specifically, the
intelligence use of emotions is called by Emotional Intelligence. People can
“intelligently” make “emotions” work for them by using them to help guide their
behavior and by thinking in ways that enhance their result at work. Goleman, in
9
Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (13th ed), 2003. p.7.
10
Daniel Goleman, A Review of Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Technical Education, Dick Culver Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, SUNY-Binghamton. p.1. 11
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his 1998b12 book, adapted Salovey and Mayer’s in their 199013 work to define the
measures of effective use of emotion, Emotional Intelligence.
2. Emotional Intelligence Theory
Goleman adapted Salovey and Mayer’s model as a basis for his discussion of the theory of emotional intelligence and it’s implications for everyday life
including the world of work. He adapted Salovey and Mayer’s emotional
intelligence model to develop five emotional and social competencies. Goleman's
leadership theory went on to describe five characteristics or components of
emotional intelligence:
1) Self-awareness: examining how your emotions affect your performance; using your values to guide decision-making; self-assessment - looking at your strengths
and weaknesses and learning from your experiences; and being self-confident and
certain about your capabilities, values and goals.
2) Self-regulation: controlling your temper; controlling your stress by being more positive and action-centred; retaining composure and the ability to think
clearly under pressure; handling impulses well; and nurturing trustworthiness and
self-restraint.
3) Motivation: enjoying challenge and stimulation; seeking out achievement; commitment; ability to take the initiative; optimism; and being guided by
personal preferences in choosing goals.
12
Daniel Goleman (1998b). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. 13
Peter Salovey and John Mayer, "Emotional Intelligence," Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1990.
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4) Empathy: the ability to see other people's points of view; behaving openly and honestly; avoiding the tendency to stereotype others; and being culturally aware.
5) Social skills: the use of influencing skills such as persuasion; good communication with others, including employees; listening skills; negotiation;
co-operation; dispute resolution; ability to inspire and lead others; capacity to initiate and manage change; and ability to deal with others' emotions - particularly group
emotions.
3. Emotional Intelligence and Teamwork
According to Harris and Harris (1996), he defined Teamwork as “…a
work group or unit with a common purpose through which members develop
mutual relationships for the achievement of goals/tasks” (p. 23). Teamwork
implies that individuals work in a cooperative environment in the interests of a
common goal by sharing knowledge/skills and being flexible enough to serve
multiple roles.
Emotional Intelligence has much commonality between successful teamwork and emotional intelligence and this is supported by Yost and Tucker
who promotes a strong relationship between successful teamwork and emotional
intelligence.14
When a leader or a team member use their emotional intelligence, they
help build an emotionally intelligent in a team, one in which everyone takes
responsibility for increasing their own emotional intelligence, for using it in their
14
Yost, C.A., & Tucker, M.L. (2000). Are effective teams more emotionally intelligent? Confirming the importance of effective communication in teams. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal.
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relations with others, and for applying the skills of emotional intelligence to the
team as a whole.
Effective interpersonal relationships are an important element of successful teams. Emotional bonding that exists between team members has a
profound effect on the work produced and the overall success of the project. Teams that care about each other at a personal and professional level are more
likely to be successful than teams that ignore the importance of the relationship
between positive interpersonal relationships, professional relationships and goal
achievement. Developing positive relationships where team members are aware
of the impact their emotions can play on the effectiveness and success of the team
should be the aim of each team member. A positive emotional climate should be
developed so that all energies can be focussed on the attainment of mutual goals
including the success of the project (Johnson & Johnson, 1999).
Team members need to be aware that negative behaviour can impact on
work productivity and affect the overall success of the team and project. Conflict
resolution and the ability of team members to deal with issues, feelings and emotions can impact greatly on the success of the team. Team members caring for
one another, encouraging each other, showing empathy and regulating their
emotions contribute to and have an impact on the success of the team. Harris and
Harris (1996) explain that successful teams have a high level of maintenance and
must incorporate essential ‘invisible’ skills such as caring for one another,
showing warm feelings, friendliness and offering team members support when
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“…communication at both the cognitive and feeling levels is what determines the
success or failure of the team” (Harris & Harris, 1996; p. 29).
ANALYSIS
Emotional Intelligence on Main Character, Lieutenant Colonel Harold George Moore, in Film “We Were Soldiers”.
“We Were Soldiers” film describes the Emotional Intelligence through the
main character, which is self awareness, self regulation, motivation, empathy and
social skill. and people with good levels of emotional intelligence are said to be
more able to manage and harness their emotions.
The story begins with French army unit that beaten by Vietnam in 1954.
Then, eleven years later, Moore is chosen to lead the American soldiers to the
battle in Vietnam. It becomes a heavy burden for him, because there are no
survivors when the French were patrolled there, the Vietnamese decides to take no
prisoners, they are all massacred. Not only that, the night before they departure,
the Moore’s superior officer told that Moore’s unit will be known as the 1st Battalion/ 7th Cavalry. The 7th Cavalry was the same unit commanded by General
George Custer in the 19th Century during the Indian wars when he and his men
were slaughtered at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. American soldiers that he’ll
lead are the same unit. Moore saws the similarities to the battle at little Bighorn
and the battle in Vietnam, where all the men massacred and the leaders are last
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As Goleman says, people who have a high degree of self awareness
recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their job
performance.15 Moore doesn’t think that all this situation as a sign of failures and the writer sees Moore was not showing his fear emotion to his men, but the writer
sees Moore drives his emotion into a positive way, he prepares himself for the battle and seeks improvement for his unit that he will lead.
Moore also studied poring over the books detailing prior battle of military
history of French army in Indochina, he studied and learnt the enemy strengths
and weaknesses from the books and documentations and also studied the failures
which made the French army massacred in Vietnam. He prepares himself by
learning from previous experiences which make French lose in the battle and it is
fit as Goleman says, “people with a high degree of self awareness also learn from
experiences and know where they headed to and what their goals are.16
People with a high level of self awareness tend to be have a happy
dispotion, Moore is not showing his worried as the night when he saw the military
history of French in Indochina, when they were all massacred. A happy disposition is showed when Moore shows him as a humorist person in introducing
his self. It is important to make a comfortable situation with others subordinates in
a team, because when people feel comfortable, they will have a more productive
teamwork.
People with a high self awareness also knowing his strength. By knowing
and using their strength, people become confidence of themselves, and self
15
Goleman, D. (1998 January 2004). What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review. p.4. 16
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awareness of people can be recognized by their confidence. Here, even though
American soldiers would be outnumbered, Moore knows his strengths in
mobilizing the battle. Moore has learned and studied the condition in Vietnam and Moore also familiarized himself with the battle strategies of Lieutenant Colonel
Nguyen Huu An.
During the battle, pressure and stress are facing by Moore. Before landing
in Vietnam, Moore though that they wouldn’t be outnumbered. Not only they
were outnumbered; they were also surrounded with no way out. There was
between 2,000-3,000 regular enemy soldiers. Here, Moore able to control and
regulate his emotion under pressure, he stay calm, clear and focused when things
do not go as planned so the team did not have a negative impact in trying to
pursuit the goal. It is seen when Moore does not only regulating his emotion but
also his men, by keep trying calm and tries to calm him men down. When the
things are not going as planned, people tend to be not able to manage their
emotion, and it can be impacted to the others, the communicant could get miss the
communication.
In the film we can also see Moore doesn’t show his emotion when his men
make mistakes. He picks his word carefully, acknowledging the team’s poor
performance. He would then step back and telling the reason for serious in
training, Moore says that they’ll be landing under fire and men will die. Other
leader might punish his men. But he corrects his team’s poor performance and
asks his men to learn each other. Moore also doesn’t mad to his men, Charlie
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The sign of Moore’s regulation are easy to see. He is thoughtfulness and
comfort with ambiguity and change, as we can see above when he thought that
they wouldn’t outnumbered.
If there is one trait that virtually all effective leaders have, it is motivation.
They are driven to achieve beyond expectations –their own and everyone else’s. When Moore asks Snakeshit to be a part of the air cavalry team Moore motivates
him by saying that he is the solution of Moore’s problem and even though they
look like a shit, but their equipment is immaculate. As the result, Snakeshit joins
Moore as a team. Telling a vision is also one of the ways to motivate the team. So,
they can always remember what they were there for and could have their best
effort and preparation of what happen in the future.
In the middle of the battle, all Moore Company’s is being overrun; Moore
thinks what he has to do. Then he calls a last Broken Arrow. As said before,
Broken Arrow means that the American unit has been overrun; it calls in every
combat aircraft for support. The coordinates will be needed to direct those combat
air craft. But at this time, Charlie makes mistake by giving the wrong coordinate, which is pointed to his own friends. He feels down for a moment but Moore
motivates his men, Charlie, to keep the support coming. We can see here that
Charlie felt encouraged, by then he keeps them coming in to help them. It is
important to make team members felt supported, especially when they make
mistakes.
People with high motivation remain optimistic even when the score is
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being outnumbered and overrun, there was between 2,000-3,000 regular enemy
soldiers against just 400 American troops, Moore still optimist that they’ll win the
battle. It is important to keep maintaining hope to others team in the face of frustration, Moore need to remain optimistic in order to motivate other team
members that they still could win the battle even though they are being outnumbered.
Moore also motivates his men by giving complements to them. He
recognizes his men achievement in doing their jobs, and recognizing achievement
is one of the ways to motivate other people.
During the battle, Moore also shows his empathy, he concerns of his
men’s need. When Moore’s men are wounded, he gives his water to his wounded
men that more needed
After 2nd Lt. Jack Geoghegan’s wife Barbara birth her first child, Moore
shows his empathy. Moore is able to understand other people’s emotions. People
with this characteristic are attentive to emotional cues and listen well.17 It can be
seen clearly from how Moore congratulates Jack on the birth of his first child and how he asks Jack to pray together, after Jack tells Moore his worried, he is afraid
if his child will become an orphan. In this time, we can see Jack face that he feels
supported in discussing his problem.
During the battle, Moore also shows his empathy, he concerns of his
men’s need. When Moore’s men are wounded, he gives his water to his wounded
men that more needed.
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All the preceding traits culminate in this fifth one: the ability to built
rapport with others, to get them cooperates, to move them in a direction you
desire. Social skill is the culmination of the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. People tend to be more effective at managing relationships when they
can understand and control their own emotions and can empathize with the feeling of other. Even motivation contributes to social skill.18
Before asking Snakeshit to join with his air cavalry team, Moore makes an
informal and comfortable situation for Snakeshit, Moore offers him a drink. From
what all he was saying to Snakeshit, it can be seen that Moore able to stimulate
cooperation, through well developed communication and social skill. Moore also
shows him as a humorist person, when he introduce him self. Moore also gives his
compliments when the men make accomplishment in holding on the Vietnamese.
People tend to be more effective at managing relationships when they can
understand and control their own emotions and can empathize with the feeling of
other. Its show when Moore keeps staying calm in facing many problems, in the
homeland and especially in the middle of the battle.
As said before, people tent to be more effective at managing relationships
when they can empathize with the feeling of other. It can be seen when Moore is
paying attention when Jack tell his problem to Moore.
In addition, the person with good social skills listens well. Nodding of the
head, the occasional quick comment, and clearly taking in someone else’s
communications is valuable. People don’t simply wish to be talked to; they want
18
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to be talked with. A sense that both communicators are taking equal part in a
conversation demonstrates advanced social skills.19
People with a good social skill are able to build and develop positive and effective relationships with colleagues through fostering trust, confidence and
commitment. Like in the formal meeting, Moore tells his men that he and Sergeant-Major-Plumpley will always be with them in the battle. It is clear that he
won’t leave his men in the middle of the battle. It becomes one of things that build
a close relationship with Moore’s men and build trust to Moore. When brigade
headquarters wants Moore to lift out on the first chopper at dawn to return to
Saigon for debriefing during the middle of the conflict, Moore objects the order to
return to Saigon. He says that he will not leave his men.
As said before, people with this characteristic are able to show their
commitment; in Moore’s speech he tells that he will be the first on the ground and
the last off. He proves his speech to all his subordinates that he becomes the first
one to set foot on the field, and after all of his men, dead or alive is removed from
the battlefield, he steps on to a helicopter and flies out of the valley and be the last to step off.
Emotional Intelligence and Teamwork in the Film “We Were Soldiers”
On the previous explanation, the writer tells that the main character has the
characteristics of Emotional Intelligence. Here, the writer will analyze that
American successful teamwork in We Were Soldiers film has a strong relation
19
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with Emotional Intelligence. Emotional Intelligence has much commonality
between successful teamwork and emotional intelligence and this is supported by
Yost and Tucker who promotes a strong relationship between successful teamwork and emotional intelligence.20
To achieve the goal in winning the battle in Vietnam, the team members need to develop positive relationships where team members are aware of the
impact their emotions can play on the effectiveness and success of the team. Team
members also need to be aware that negative behavior can impact on work
productivity and affect the overall success of the team and project.
Emotional intelligence that showed by Moore, as a leader, help build an
emotionally intelligent in a team, one in which everyone takes responsibility for
increasing their own emotional intelligence, for using it in their relations with
others, and for applying the skills of emotional intelligence to the team as a whole.
Emotional bonding that exist between team members has a profound effect on the
work produced and the overall success of the project, which is American Soldiers’
teamwork in the battle in Vietnam, especially in saving their trapped friends which is ambushed by Vietnamese.
During training Moore tells his men to respect different personalities,
cultures and sensitivities. And in the middle of the battle, we can see that they
work as a team, try to save their friend that ambushed by Vietnamese. One of
Moore’s men also tries to save his different color friend without ignoring his own
safety. In the middle of the battle, Moore concern of his men need, Moore gives
20
Yost, C.A., & Tucker, M.L. (2000). Are effective teams more emotionally intelligent? Confirming the importance of effective communication in teams. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal.
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his water to his wounded men that more needed. Then next one of his men shows
his empathy too, although he is wounded he gets out of the helicopter and gives
his room to another wounded soldier in a helicopter.
When his men, Charlie, makes mistake by giving the wrong coordination
felt encouraged, by then he keeps them coming in to help them. It is important to make team members felt supported, especially when they make mistakes. People
tent to be giving their best when they feel supported. This thing affects the
successful of their team in winning the battle.
At the end, as Harris and Harris say that successful teams require both
technical skills and interpersonal skills “…communication at both the cognitive
and feeling levels is what determines the success or failure of the team”21. In the
film, we can see that Moore and Snakeshit are as the characters that mostly
appear. Communication at both also has a relationship with the successful team in
winning the battle. Moore, as the leader, knows well how to communicate with
his team and treat his men well. When Moore asks Snakeshit to join his team,
Moore use his Emotional Intelligence in persuading him, Moore is able to stimulate cooperation, through well developed communication and social skill.
When Snakeshit did a good job in delivering troops, supplies and bringing back
the dead and wounded, Moore gives a compliments to him. The important thing
in Emotional Intelligence is how we relate with others, and here we can see
Moore has a good communication with his team.
21
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Snakeshit’s team as the chopper pilot who has the duty to deposit and
remove soldiers from the battlefield has an important role in winning the battle
because if the choppers stop coming, all soldiers will get slaughtered. Here, a good communication system is needed between leader and Snakeshit as the leader
of chopper pilot. When the Landing Zone is hot, Moore blows the trees to make a new Landing Zone, and Moore tell Snakeshit that the main LZ is hot and must be
closed, Moore tells him to land in a new LZ.
As the result of positive relationship between Snakeshit and Moore, here
in the last moment of the battle, Snakeshit ignoring his own safety and come with
his help by using his machine gun, we can see his technical skills in killing the
Vietnamese. At the end of the battle, American soldiers has succeed to save their
trapped friend which ambushed by Vietnamese and broken through the enemy’s
line.
Conclusions
Using the attributes provided by Goleman, it was evident that team
members’ emotional intelligence played a pivotal role in determining the success and functionality of the team, and the quality of final product being developed.
According to the theory, here, the writer found that Emotional Intelligence on
main character does affect American soldiers’ successful teamwork. The
successful team was highly motivated by the way main character, Moore, in
leading all his team. Emotional intelligence that showed by Moore, as a leader
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responsibility for increasing their own emotional intelligence, for using it in their
relations with others, and for applying the skills of emotional intelligence to the
team as a whole. Emotional bonding that exist between team members has a profound effect on the work produced and the overall success of the project,
which is American Soldiers’ teamwork in the battle in Vietnam, especially in saving their trapped friends which is ambushed by Vietnamese.
In conclusion, to have a successful teamwork in a team, people need to
have a positive relationship with others, people need to be able to recognize their
own feelings and those of others, motivates themselves, and manage emotions
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Full Name
: Fitriani
Sex
: Female
Place, Date of Birth : Tangerang, October 28, 1986
Nationality
: Indonesia
Marital Status
: Married
Height, Weight
: 161 cm, 46 kg
Health
: Perfect
Religion
: Moslem
Address
Jl. Ciater Barat Rt 007/003 Serpong- Tangerang Selatan, 15314.
Mobile
: 08158125237
Phone
: 021 - 71378019
: v_imoot2815@yahoo.com
Educational Background
1991 – 1992 : Bayu Kartika Kindergarten School, Tangerang
1992 – 1998 : Tangerang 1 Elementary School, Tangerang
1998 – 2001 : Al-Ghozali Modern Boarding Junior High School, Curug-Gunung Sindur, Bogor
2001 – 2004 : Al-Ghozali Modern Boarding Senior High School, Curug-Gunung Sindur, Bogor
2004 – 2011 : Faculty of Letters and Humanities at the State Islamic University of Syarif
Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
Qualifications
1. Computer Literate (MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point).
2. Internet Literate.
Language
1. English
Oorganization Experience
1. Secretary of Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah (OSIS) 2000 at Al-Ghozali Modern Boarding
Junior High School
2. Secretary of Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah (OSIS) 2003 at Al-Ghozali Modern Boarding
Junior High School
3. Member of HMI 2004 at the State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Film are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those
cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form,
a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or
indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a
universal power of communication. Some of films have become popular
worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate dialogue.1 Kolker said that film has a great power because film gave the image that can bring
us in deep understanding about the real life than the other media.2 On its content
film gives the emotional spot and popularity. So, film can be said not only
contributed to a mass culture of entertainment and celebrity; it is also provided a
forum for education and critique through the tradition of social documentary and
served us a medium of personal expression in the form of avant-garde films and
home movies.3
Film does not only become something that entertains but also can inspire
the spectators if it showed attractively. Many kind aspects of life become story
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film. Accessed on February, 2009. 2
David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson, Film Art an Introduction (New York McGraw-Hill, Inc) fourth edition, p.3.
3
Maria Pramagiore and Tom Wallis, Film: A Critical Introduction (London: Laurence King Publishing, 2005), p.1.
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theme in film including leadership. Film as a medium to investigate leadership
topics, including the leadership theory of Emotional Intelligence.
At its core, leadership is rooted in emotions.4 Leadership, particularly in a period of rapid change, is about emotions - desire, fear, despair, caring,
disillusionment, pain, anger, stress, anxiety and loneliness. Yet these are the aspects of leadership which tend to be neglected, played down, even denigrated in
the literature, largely because emotionality has been cast in opposition to, and
lesser than, rationality (Blackmore, 1996).5
Emotions are contagious. When members of a team work together they
influence each other’s emotions at an unconscious level.6 Emotion is assumed as
human soul activity. According to Daniel Goleman emotion is absolutely the
sequence of motivation to act. Goleman states that the key to understand people’s
feeling is an ability to read non verbal message.7 The rule of thumb is that
interpersonal communication is 5% verbal and 95% nonverbal. This suggests that
most of the communication in a team or group is not cognitive, but emotional.
Thus, when members of a team are emotionally intelligent and use their emotional skills appropriately, they can create an atmosphere conducive to effective
collaboration.8
4
Daniel Goleman, et al,. Discussing their book, Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, Harvard Business School Press Publishing, 2001. p.1.
5
www.educatejournal.org/index.php?journal=educate. Accessed on February, 2009. 6
Daniel Goleman, et al,. Adapted from Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, Harvard Business School Publishing, 2001.
www.teleosleaders.com/.../Why_Emotional_Intelligence_Matters_for_Leaders.pdf -. Accessed on February, 2009.
7
Daniel Goleman, et. al., Introduction Psychology, USA: Random House, 1982. p.249. 8
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Emotions are a feedback mechanism. The dictionary defines feedback as
“information returned to the source.” Thus, emotions contain information for us.
They are meant to help us manage our attention. If you do not manage your emotions and pay attention to the emotions of those around you, you will miss an
enormous amount of information necessary for effective leadership.9
Negative emotions powerfully disrupt work, hijacking attention from the
task at hand. People who are upset have trouble reading emotions accurately in
other people, decreasing the most basic skill needed for empathy and, as a result,
impairing their social skills. An upbeat environment fosters mental efficiency,
making people better at taking in and understanding information, at using decision
rules in complex judgements, and at being flexible in their thinking (Goleman,
2001).10
In conclusion, emotions play a central role in leadership. More
specifically, emotional intelligence is the "capacity for recognizing our own
feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions
well in ourselves and in our relationships".11 People with good levels of emotional intelligence are said to be more able to manage and harness their emotions. They
are also better able to understand other people’s emotions, to communicate with
them, relate to them and influence them.12 Goleman has claimed that
9
http://davejensenonleadership.blogspot.com/2008/10/leading-by-managing-emotions.html. Accessed on October, 2009.
10
www.vedpuriswar.org/book_review/The%20New%20Leaders.doc by D Goleman – 2002. Accessed on October, 2009.
11
Daniel Goleman (1998b). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. p.317.
12
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approximately 90% of star performers’ success in leadership is attributable to
Emotional Intelligence.13
Emotional Intelligence is a term coined by Daniel Goleman. Emotional intelligence has as much to do with knowing when and how to express emotion as
it does with controlling it. Emotional Intelligence sometimes characterized as an emotional quotient or EQ versus that stood in contrast to an intelligence quotient
or IQ --it’s a term practically every leader of note has heard of.14
According to Goleman, one key benefit is that “emotional intelligence can
help people make better decisions.”15 “EQ defines our capacity for relationship,”
Goleman says, adding this is essential for leaders whose choices are echoed
through dozens and hundreds of relationships in a complex web. Leaders who use
their emotional efficacy to inspire confidence, commitment, and caring will get
better results.16 Not only do star performance excel as individuals, but Emotional
Intelligence are the ones which are the best able to maximize a team’s potential in
pursuit of collective goals. In the other word, Emotional Intelligence is needed for
successful teamwork.
In this research, the writer wants to analyze “We Were Soldiers” film that
is released on March 1, 2002 and the film is adapted from the book ‘We Were
Soldiers Once . . . And Young’ by Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore and
Joseph L. Galloway, the only journalist willing to go into the front lines to capture
a first hand account of the war. The film produced by Arne L. Schmidt, Jim
13
Ibid 14
www.teachmeteamwork.com/teachmeteam. Accessed on October, 2009. 15
http://www.nexuseq.com/press/Goleman.pdf. Accessed on October, 2009. 16
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Lemley, and Randall Wallace. It directed by Randall Wallace. The movie which
adapted from the book is based on a true story about a gruesome depiction of the
bloody engagement in which 400 American troops, under the leadership of Moore, took on 2000 North Vietnamese.17
We Were Soldiers is the film which tells the role of main character, Lieutenant Colonel Harold G. Moore, that describes his effectiveness as a leader
in leading his subordinates in the homeland and especially in the chaos of the
battle. The film narrates the leadership under Moore, in which 400 American
troops took on 2000 North Vietnamese.
The story began when a French Army unit in Vietnam on July 1954 during
the First Indochina18 War is ambushed by soldiers of the Viet Minh. Eleven years
later, Fort Benning, Georgia, Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gibson) is deeply
committed to training his troops, who are preparing to be sent to Vietnam. As a
leader, Lieutenant Colonel Harold Moore who led his men in Vietnam War knows
well how to drive his emotion and his subordinates’ emotion into a positive
direction in purpose to pursuit collective goals.
Landing in the "Valley of Death" on November 14, 1965, soldiers capture
a North Vietnamese lookout who informs them that the nearby Chu Pong
Mountain is the location of the headquarters of an entire North Vietnamese
Division. An American platoon is isolated some distance from battalion’s main
position, after 2nd Lt. Henry Herrick saw a scout, and ran after him, ordering his
reluctant to follow. The scout led him into an ambush.
17
http://www.reelviews.net/movies/w/we_were_soldiers.html. Accessed on October, 2009. 18
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Led by Lieutenant Colonel Harold Moore, the writer saw the unit cohesion
was shown by American troops in saving their trapped friend which ambushed by
Vietnamese. That is why, in this thesis, the writer is interested to analyze the Emotional intelligence had by the main character that affect his subordinates’
successful teamwork by using Daniel Goleman leadership theory. It can be taken after watching the film.
B. Focus of the Research
Relating to the background of the study above, the writer will examine the
five main elements of Emotional Intelligence on main character. The five main
elements are; self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, motivation and social
skills by using the leadership theory of Emotional Intelligence and its impact on
teamwork as the virtue.
C. Research Question
Based on the research above the writer will analyze two main questions: 1. What Emotional Intelligence characteristics are showed by the main
character of the film “We Were Soldiers”?
2. How does the Emotional Intelligence of the main character affect the
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D. Significances of the Research
The writer wishes this research could be used to develop people as a leader
and give benefit for the readers who are interested in being a better leader. The result of the research is also expected to be useful for future improvement of
studying Emotional Intelligence, especially in the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of the Research
The objective of the research is to find out how the Emotional Intelligence
on main character affects the American soldiers’ successful teamwork in the film
“We Were Soldiers” that makes him effective as a leader.
2. Method
In this research, the writer applies qualitative method. This method
describes and analyzes film “We Were Soldiers”, which is Emotional Intelligence and its impact on teamwork. The application of qualitative method is Daniel
Goleman’s leadership theory of Emotional Intelligence and its implication for
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3. Technique of Data Analysis
To solve the problem which presented in the focus of the study, the writer
will use descriptive analysis; the writer collected the data from several resources
related to the study.
4. Analysis Unit
Analysis Unit in this research is the film ‘We Were Soldiers”. The film
was directed by Randall Wallace and starring Mel Gibson that released on March
1, 2002 and produced by Arne L. Schmidt, Jim Lemley, and Randall Wallace. It is
distributed by Paramount Pictures (US) Icon Film Distribution (International) and
based on the book We Were Soldiers Once… And Young by Lieutenant General
Hal Moore and reporter Joseph L. Galloway, both of whom were at the battle.
5. Instruments
The writer will use herself as an instrument of the research in collecting
data by watching, understanding, identifying, and analyzing the information
related to the data.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Character
In a film, character is an important element that will develop the story
because character is person who carries out the events of film and then those
events become a story. A character, then, is presumably an imagined person who
inhabits a story-although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions.19
The character analysis is concerned with narrative film. The character of
narrative film is studied in cause effect as a part of film analysis. Character are the persons presented in works of narrative or drama who convey their personal
qualities through dialogue and action by which the reader or audience understand
their thoughts, feelings, intentions, and motives.20 Character can be divided into
major (main) character and minor (supporting) character, protagonist and
antagonist, flat and round character, dynamic and static character, stereotyped and
not stereotyped character.
Main character is led part of the event that is called the main character or
protagonist. Protagonist is the central character in a film, and he may become the
dominant point in a film.21 Besides main character, there is subordinate character
19
X.J. Kennedy, An Introduction to Fiction, (Boston: Little, Bown, 1983)p.45. 20
http://web.uvic.ca/wguide/pages/LTCharacter.html. Accessed on February, 2009. 21
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that it is not the central character in the film, but the presence of it positively is
needed to support the main character.22
Round characters are characters that are complex and realistic; they represent a depth of personality which is imitative of life. They frequently posses
both good and bad traits and they may react unexpectedly or become entangle in their own interior conflicts. These characters have been fully developed by an
author, physically, mentally, and emotionally, and are detailed enough to seem
real. They often tend to be representative character types rather than real
flesh-and-blood human beings. Unique, individualistic characters who have some
degree of complexity and ambiguity and who can not easily be categorized.23A
round character is usually a main character, and is developed over the course of
the story.
A flat character is its opposite, having hardly and development
whatsoever.24 A flat character embodies one or two qualities, ideas or traits that
can be readily described in a brief summary. They are not psychological complex
characters and therefore are readily accessible to readers. Some flat characters are recognized as stock characters.25
A dynamic character is the one who changes significantly during the
course of the story. Changes considered to qualify a character as dynamic include
changes in sight or understanding, changes in commitment, and changes in values.
22
Ibid. 23
Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie, The Art of Watching Film 5th Ed., (Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000), p.60
24
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_character. Accessed on February, 2009. 25
Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell, Fiction: Reading, Reacting, Writing, Language Arts & Diciplines. p.6.
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Changes in circumstance, even physical circumstance, do not apply unless they
result in some change within the characters self. In contrast, a static character does
not undergo significant change.
A static character remains essentially the same throughout the film. The
action does not have an important effect on their lives. Or they are insensitive to the meaning of the action and thus are not capable of growth or change. Statics
characters, however, remain unchanged; their character is the same at the end of
the story as the beginning.26
Stereotyped characters are characters that described same in every story,
for example mother always described as a kind and caring person in almost every
story. Stereotypes, however, are characters of somewhat greater importance to the
film. They fit into preconceived patterns of behavior common to or representative
of large number of people, at least a large number of fictional people.27
B. Characterization
The analysis of characteristic is concerned with characterization. The
characterization is way the author developing the story, but the product of the story is called character. There are many ways to know the characterization’s
analysis in the film. The characterization can be understood through appearance,
26
Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kuehner, Fiction, (California: McGraw Hill, 1999), p.97. 27
Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie, The Art of Watching Film 5th Ed., (Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000), p.58.
(43)
dialogue, external action, internal action, reactions of other characters, contrast:
dramatic foils, and caricature and leitmotif.28
Characterization can be seen through appearance. A major aspect of film characterization is revealed visually and instantaneously. The minute we see most
actors on the screen, we make certain assumptions about them because of their facial features, dress, physical build, and mannerism and the way they move. This
method, viewer can understand by seen of the other character performed.
Characterization can be seen through dialogue. Characters in fictional film
naturally reveal a great deal about themselves by what they say but a great deal is
also revealed by how they say it. Their true thought, attitudes, and emotion can be
revealed in subtle ways through word choice and through the stress, pitch, and
pause patterns of their speech. The character’s speech represents the other
character intents for building the story.
Characterization can be seen through external action. Real characters are
more than mere instrument of the plot, that they do for a purpose, out of motives
that are consistent with their overall personality. It also can be seen from character’s action with their motion such as running, walking, drinking, slipping,
etc.
Characterization can be seen through internal action. Inner action occurs
within character’s minds and emotions and consist of secret, unspoken thoughts,
day dreams, aspirations, memories, fear, and fantasies. This method doesn’t
appear in the action with environment but from character’s body. But in the film
28
Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie, The Art of Watching Film 5th Ed., (Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000), p. 50-54.
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viewer can be catch easily because seeing from atmosphere. Actually it can be
seen from their face or mimic tenseness.
Characterization can be seen through reactions of other characters. The way other characters view a person often serves as an excellent means of
characterization. Sometimes, a great deal of information about a character is already provided through such means before the character first appears on the
screen.
Characterization can be seen through contrast: dramatic foil. One of the
most effective techniques of characterization is the use of foil contrasting
characters whose behavior, attitudes, opinions, lifestyle, physical appearance, and
so on are the opposite of those of the main characters. This term usually occur in
one frame that there are two or more characters. The characteristic of each
character will be compared from many differences like kind of contrasting above.
This contrasting from other character can be taken a conclusion to represent the
contrasting character.
Characteristics can be seen through caricature and leitmotif. The actors often exaggerate or distort one or more dominant features or personality traits.
This device is called caricature (from the technique used in cartooning). This
method is exaggeration form. This method occurs in the action of character that is
described like cartoon style. Example the characters running are not usual running
like ordinary people but described like the fast wind. It is also relate with
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becomes almost a trademark or theme song for that character. It is describing of
character’s action that doing form as exaggeration. 29
In addition, stage direction sometime gives clues about the character. The author is directly telling the audience what happen to the character in the stage
direction. Then, it is necessary to give attention to the stage direction and not to underestimate it. 30
C. Psychology
1. Introduction to psychology
Psychology is the one of human study seen from the aspects of their mind
and behavior. “Psychology” is derived from two Greek words; those are psychos
that means mind or soul and logos that means science.31 Psychology is as a
discipline science that specific to study human behavior have many space is that
quite wide in field and in human behavior. Generally, psychology is defined as
the science that of human behavior.32 From two statements above we may know
that psychology concern to their life that focuses on their mind and attitude.
2. Psychology of literature
Psychology of literature is the study of literature using literary work as the
object of psyche action. Author will use anything in his/her inner side in creating
29
Joseph M. Boggs and Dennis W. Petrie 1999, op.cit p.90. 30
James H. Pickering and Jeffry D. Hoeper, Concise Companion To Literature (New York : Mac Millan Publishing Co., inc., 1981) p.28.
31
Thomas K. Landauer, Psychology: A Brief overview, United States of America: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1972. p.2
32
Norman L. Munn, L. Dodge Fenald JR., Peter S. Fernald, Introduction to Psychology, 2nd ed., United States of America: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969. p.4.
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literary works. The author will seize his/her psyche indication and processing it
into the text. And the projection of the author experience will be projected
imaginarily into the text.
Literary work is seen as psychology phenomenon. It will show psyche
aspects through characters in the story. According to Jatman:
“Karya sastra dan psikologi memang memiliki pertautan yang erat, secara tak langsung dan fungsional. Pertautan tak langsung, karena baik psikologi dan sastra memiliki objek yang sama yaitu kehidupan manusia. Psikologi dan sastra memiliki hubungan fungsional karena sama-sama untuk mempelajari keadaan jiwa orang lain, bedanya dalam psikologi gejala tersebut riil, sedangkan dalam sastra bfersifat imajinatif”.33
(“literary works and psychology indeed have connectionthat bound indirectly and functionally. The indirect bound caused either psychology and literary works have the same object which is human life. Psychology and literary have functional connection because both learning other people psycho. The difference in the symptoms of that psychology is real, whereas, in literature has an imaginative character)
There are some assumptions of psychology of literature; first, there is
judgement of literary work as the product of author mind and psyche in
subconscious situation and revealing it into the text (in conscious situation).
Conscious and subconscious always affect the author imagination processing.
Strength of literary work can be seen by how the author could reveal his/her
unconscious psyche expression into the text.
Second, psychology of literature also analyzes the author aspects of mind
and feeling. It is about how the author able to depict characters of his/her work.
D. Exploring Emotional Intelligence
33
Suwardi Endaswara, Metodology Penelitian Sastra (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Widyatama, 2003), cet. Ke-1, p.97.
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1. Emotion and Emotional Intelligence
An emotion is a mental and psychological state associated with a wide
variety of feeling, thoughts, and behavior. Talking about emotion is not released from the psychologist vision about the behaviorism. Emotion is part of personality
psychology.34
An emotion is a physiological response to a situation that is too important
to leave to intellect alone, such as danger, painful loss, persisting towards goal
despite frustrations, bonding with a mate, building a family. In effect, we have
two minds, one that thinks and one that feels. The brain evolved over a million
years to deal with the major challenges of survival - whether to fight or flee,
ignore, or embrace the approaching challenge. Although our day-to-day
challenges seldom relate to those faced by the caveman, social problems such as
road rage, drive-by shootings, and in-your face taunts on the sports field give
evidence to emotions out of the control of rational thought.35
Properly used, the emotions are an essential tool for successful and
fulfilling life. But out of control, emotions can result in disaster. In our day to-day life, they affect our relations with other people, our self-identity, and our ability to
complete a task.
To be effective, our cognitive processes must be in control of our
emotions, so that they work for us rather than against us.36 Specifically, the
intelligence use of emotions is called by Emotional Intelligence. People can
34
Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. (13th ed), 2003. p.7.
35
Daniel Goleman, A Review of Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Technical Education, Dick Culver Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, SUNY-Binghamton. p.1. 36
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“intelligently” make “emotions” work for them by using them to help guide their
behavior and by thinking in ways that enhance their result at work. Goleman, in
his 1998b37 book, adapted Salovey and Mayer’s in their 199038 work to define the measures of effective use of emotion, Emotional Intelligence.
2. Emotional Intelligence Theory
The concept of emotional intelligence and its impact on teamwork is
relatively new. Salovey and Mayer initially conceived the concept and coined the
term Emotional Intelligence, which was derived from Gardner’s theory of
multiple intelligences.39 These included interpersonal and intrapersonal
intelligence which were used by Salovey and Mayer to form the basis of the
theory of emotional intelligence. Salovey and Mayer used this as a basis for their
definition of emotional intelligence, which they define as the “ability to monitor
and regulate one’s own and other’s feelings and to use feelings to guide one’s
thinking and action”.40 This definition identifies five main domains: knowing
one’s emotions, managing emotions, motivating oneself, recognizing emotions in others and handling relationships.
Goleman adapted Salovey and Mayer’s model as a basis for his discussion
of the theory of emotional intelligence and it’s implications for everyday life
including the world of work. He adapted Salovey and Mayer’s emotional
37
Daniel Goleman (1998b). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. 38
Peter Salovey and John Mayer, "Emotional Intelligence," Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1990.
39
Howard Gardner, Frames of mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Book, 1983.
40
Peter Salovey and John Mayer , "Emotional Intelligence," Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1990, p.189.
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intelligence model to develop five emotional and social competencies:
self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills. These are each
discussed below.
a. Self-Awareness
Self-awareness is the ability to understand and interpret one’s own
feelings through internal reflection. The ability to be critical about thoughts and
make changes to behaviour can lead to an in-depth understanding about one’s
self, which leads to a better understanding of others. Lanser places a strong
emphasize on the importance of self-awareness in guiding and perfecting job
performance, including interactions with colleagues and in the establishment of
positive and productive leadership and teamwork skills. Team members need to
be aware of their feelings as they may allow uncontrolled emotions to impact on
the dynamics and culture of the team.41 Cherniss emphasizes that effective team
members are confident, which is reflective of their own emotional
self-awareness, and ability to control their emotions.42
b. Self-Regulation
Being able to regulate emotions especially during conflict, pressure, stress
and deadlines facilitates the smooth progress of the project and promotes positive,
effective working relationships with other team members and clients. Goleman in
41
Lanser, E.G. (2000). Why you should care about your emotional intelligence. Healthcare Executive,(Nov/Dec).
42
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his 1998b book explains that handling emotions and putting the task first rather
than emotions aids in the attainment of the required goal.43
c. Motivation
If there is one trait that virtually all effective leaders have, it is motivation. They are driven to achieve beyond expectation –their own and everyone else’s,44
being able to motivate fellow team members into contributing their best is very
powerful. Workers are discretionary in their application to a project – they will
only give if they feel they are being supported, nurtured and inspired. Successful
teamwork requires intrinsic motivation, persistence and vision. Team members
are not only responsible for their own motivation but are also play a key role in
motivating the team and colleagues. Goleman and Lanser propose that motivation
is an essential element of emotional intelligence that pushes us forward through
the positive and negative aspects of working life by showing initiative,
perseverance and dedication, as well as being goal orientated, focused and
proactive.
d. Empathy
Goleman contends that empathy is understanding and interpreting
colleagues’ feelings and being able to identify with their feelings on issues
through understanding their perspective and cultivating rapport with people from
43
Joe Luca & Pina Tarricone, Does Emotional Intelligence Affect Successful Teamwork?, School of Communications and Multimedia, Edith Cowan University, Australia, Copyright © 2001. p.368-369. www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/melbourne01/pdf/papers/lucaj.pdf
44
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different ‘walks of life’. Empathic team members have an awareness of the
diversity of personalities and are accepting of the diversity of people and the
impact culture can have on interactions within a team environment.45 Book defines empathy as the “capacity to see the world from another person’s
perspective”.46
e. Social Skills
Social skills are essential for the development of positive, effective
relationships with colleagues and the ability to interact with team members to
deter conflict, be aware of, ease and dissipate underlying tensions that can
accumulate and have a negative impact on working relationships and project
success. Team members need to be able to stimulate cooperation, collaboration
and teamwork through well-developed social skills.47
3. Teamwork and Social Interdependence
Teamwork is defined by Harris and Harris as “…a work group or unit with a common purpose through which members develop mutual relationships for
the achievement of goals/tasks”48. Teamwork implies that individuals work in a
cooperative environment in the interests of a common goal by sharing
knowledge/skills and being flexible enough to serve multiple roles. As Fisher,
45
Joe Luca & Pina Tarricone (2001), op.cit. p.369 46
Book, H.E. (2000). One big happy family - the emotionally intelligent organization. IVEY Business Journal,(Sept/Oct), p.44-47.
47
Daniel Goleman (1998b). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books. 48
Harris, P.R., & Harris, K.G. (1996). Managing effectively through teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, p.23.
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Hunter & Macrosson, Johnson & Johnson and Parker said that the literature
consistently highlights that one of the essential elements of a team is its focus
toward a common goal and a clear purpose. Many organizations rely upon successful teamwork to achieve goals and to meet the needs of clients. It is a
synergistic process that relies upon all team members to contribute and participate in order to promote and nurture a positive, effective team environment. Team
members must be flexible enough to adapt to working in a cooperative working
environment where goals are achieved through collaboration and social
interdependence rather than individualized, competitive goals.
Social interdependence refers to how individuals interact in cooperative
learning or working situations, including team environments and is an integral
part of cooperative learning. The relationship between successful teams,
cooperative learning theory and social interdependence is strong, as Johnson &
Johnson said in their book.49 “Social interdependence exists when individuals
share common goals; each individual’s outcomes are affected by the actions of
the others”.50 The literature consistently highlights interdependence focused toward a common goal as an integral element of an effective team.51 Scarnati
49
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1999). Learning together and alone: Cooperative,
competitive, and individualistic learning (5th ed.). Needham Heights: Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
50
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1995). Social interdependence - Cooperative learning in education. In B. Bunker & J.Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, cooperation, and justice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. p.206.
51
Fisher, et al., (1997). Team or group? Managers’ perceptions of the differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology.
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1999). Learning together and alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning (5th ed.). Needham Heights: Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1995). Social interdependence - Cooperative learning in education. In B. Bunker & J.Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, cooperation, and justice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
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explains that teamwork that relies upon cooperative processes enables individuals
to extend their boundaries and achieve more through social interdependence than
as individuals. “The team has synergy. By sharing a common goal or vision, the team can accomplish what individuals cannot do alone”.52
Social interdependence can be considered to be positive, negative or non-existent.53 Johnson and Johnson in their book explain that positive
interdependence creates promotive interaction in which individuals encourage and
facilitate each other’s efforts to attain team goals, such as creating positive
relationships and collaborative team environments. Negative interdependence or
competition generally results in oppositional interaction. This occurs when
individuals prevent others from achieving because of their own competitiveness.
Rather than promoting a team environment through positive interaction, team
members are focused on “…increasing their own success and on preventing
anyone else from being more successful then they are”54. No interaction occurs
when individuals work independently without interacting with others. Individuals
focus on increasing and improving their own success and have no regard or interest in the efforts of others.55
Johnson and Johnson list essential attributes of positive interdependence
needed for successful teamwork as follows: giving and receiving help and
52
Scarnati, J.T. (2001). On becoming a team player. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, p.6.
53
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1999). Learning together and alone: Cooperative,
competitive, and individualistic learning (5th ed.). Needham Heights: Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
54
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1995), op.cit, p.212. 55
Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, R.T. (1995). Social interdependence - Cooperative learning in education. In B. Bunker & J.Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, cooperation, and justice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
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Table 1
Definition Relationship to Successful Teamwork
S el f-A w ar en es s
The ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives, as well as their effect on
others.
Having positive and productive teamwork skills.
Controlling emotions and understand the impact of emotions on the team.
Being self-confident, high self-esteem and a coherent and integrated self-identity.
Promoting psychological health including a happy disposition.
S el f-R egu lat ion
The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses
and moods
The propensity to suspend judgement
– to think before acting
Being self-aware of emotions to enable self-regulation.
Handling emotions and putting the team task first.
Using emotions to facilitate the progress of the project.
Regulating emotions during conflict, pressure, stress and deadlines.
Coping with stress, frustrations through creating and contributing to caring, supportive relationships.
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M
ot
ivat
ion
A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or
status
A propensity to pursue goals with energy and
persistence
Motivating other team members to contributing their best
Openness, flexibility and motivation to change, innovation, creativity and collaborative problem solving
Creating an environment that stimulates, enhances and empowers team members to become motivated and apply themselves fully
Showing initiative, perseverance and dedication, goal orientation & focus
Placing team or common goals ahead of individual goals and pursue these with determination and perseverance
Having a sincere interest and motivation for the group and individual’s achievements and goals
Considering team morale and aiming to maintain a positive productive work environment
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E
m
p
at
h
y
The ability to understand the emotional makeup
of other people
Skill in treating people according to
their emotional reactions
Understanding, interpreting and identifying with colleagues’ feelings
Cultivating rapport with people from different ‘walks of life’
Having the potential to turn adversarial relationships into collaborative alliances
Showing emotional concern including reassurance and caring for other team members
Helping to create a team environment where members can express their feelings
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S oc ial S k il l Proficiency in managing relationships and building networks
An ability to find common ground and build rapport
Creating a team culture which is supportive, informal, comfortable, and non-judgemental
Developing professional as well as positive personal relationships with other team members
Developing intense, short-term relationships and being able to disconnect and work in another team environment with the same sincerity and motivation
Being able to stimulate cooperation, collaboration and teamwork through well-developed communication and social skills
Developing positive, effective relationships with colleagues through fostering trust, confidence and commitment
Helping to establish a positive team climate and promoting support and respect for one another
Having the ability to interact with team members and deter conflict, be aware of, ease and dissipate underlying tensions
Table 1: Emotional Intelligence (modified from Goleman 1998a) and attributes of successful teams.1
1
Joe Luca and Pina Tarricone. Does Emotional Intelligence Affect Successful Teamwork? Australia: ASCILITE, 2001. www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/melbourne01/pdf/papers/lucaj.pdf
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