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Characterization is a method by which an author to create, reveal and develop change through the major character so that the reader can interpret what kind of shehe is
Henkle, 1977, pp. 92-97. In addition, characterization according to Rohrberger Woods is the process by which an author creates a character Rohrberger Woods,
1971, p. 20. Murphy 1972, pp. 161-173 divides nine ways in which an author attempts to
make his character understandable and come alive for the readers. The first is Personal description. The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. It
means that the author describes the details of the character through physical appearance, such as face, skin, eyes, and clothes. The second is character as seen as
by another. Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe the character through the eyes and opinions of another. The reader gets, as it were, a
reflected image. The third is speech. The author can give the reader insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever
the person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the reader some clue to his character. The fourth is
past life. By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be
done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person.
Another ways in describing the character is also shown from the conversation of others. The author can also give clues to a person’s character through the
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conversations of other people and the things they say about him. The sixth is reactions. The author can also give a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader
know how the person reacts to various situations and events. The seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. The
eighth is thoughts. The author can give direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. The ninth is mannerisms. The author can describe a person’s mannerisms,
habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character. These then are some of the ways in which an author makes his reader aware of the
personalities and the characters of the people that he writes about in his books.
2. Theory of Personality
The theories of personality are also used to help in figuring out the personality of John Bristow. According to Lahey 2009, personality is the sum total of the
typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that makes each person different from other people. The two key words in this definition are typical and different. An
individual personality is composed of all the relatively unchanging psychological characteristics that are typical for that person. If people did not have at least some
relatively unchanging qualities, we would never know what to expect from them. The second emphasis is on the term different. Each person’s unique pattern of typical
ways of acting, thinking, and feeling sets him or her apart from each other person. Each person is unique because no one has exactly combination of typical
psychological qualities pp. 405-406.
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Kasschau adds that there are three purposes of any personality theories. The first purpose is to determine whether certain traits go together, why a person has some
traits and others, and why a person exhibit different traits in different situations. The second purpose of any personality theory is to explain the differences between
individuals. The third goal of personality is to explore how people conduct their lives Kasschau, 1995, p. 268.
In the theory of personality, this study also figures out that Freud’s theory about mind is important to be discussed. Freud’s theory of personality views the mind
as being composed of three working parts, each with a different function, namely: id, ego, and superego as cited in Lahey, 2009, pp. 412-414. Id according to Freud is the
unborn part of the unconscious mind that uses the primary process to satisfy its needs and that acts according to the pleasure principle. The pleasure principle itself is the
attempt of the id to seek immediate pleasure and avoid pain, regardless of how harmful it might be to others p. 413.
Ego according to Freud is part of the mind that uses the reality principle to satisfy the id. The reality principle is the attempt by ego to find safe, realistic ways of
meeting the needs of the id. This means that it holds the id in check until a safe and realistic way has been found to satisfy its motives. The ego’s goal is to help the id
fulfill its needs. The ego can be thought of as the executives of the personality because it uses its cognitive abilities to manage and control the id and balance its
desire against the restrictions of reality and the superego p. 414.
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Superego itself according to Freud is the part of the mind that opposes the desire of the id by enforcing moral restrictions and by striving to attain perfection.
The id and the ego have no morals. They seek to satisfy the id’s selfish motives without regard for the good of others. The ego is realistic about how those motives
are satisfied. But as long as the needs are safely and effectively met, it does not care if rules are broken, lies are told, or other people are wronged p. 414.
Different from Freud’s theory of personality, according to Alderian theory explains that one’s personality might be influenced by social perspective and his
striving for superiority of success. Alderian also believes that a personality is self- consistent means that a person has large responsibility for his personality. People
should be aware about what they are doing and the reason of doing it as well. Different from Freud’s perspective that present behavior is caused by the past
experience, Alderian believes that present behavior is shaped by the view of the future which is to strive the superiority or success Feist J. Feist G. J., 2009, pp.
65-66
3. Theory of Motivation
According to Lahey 2009, motivation refers to the internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thought, feelings, and action. Motives are at
the center of our lives-they arouse and direct what we think, feel, and do. Motivation definition is more general, that is the reason of someone doing or becoming
something. While, motive is more specific, that is the reason why someone think,
