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Superego itself according to Freud is the part of the mind that opposes the desire of the id by enforcing moral restrictions and by striving to attain perfection.
The id and the ego have no morals. They seek to satisfy the id’s selfish motives without regard for the good of others. The ego is realistic about how those motives
are satisfied. But as long as the needs are safely and effectively met, it does not care if rules are broken, lies are told, or other people are wronged p. 414.
Different from Freud’s theory of personality, according to Alderian theory explains that one’s personality might be influenced by social perspective and his
striving for superiority of success. Alderian also believes that a personality is self- consistent means that a person has large responsibility for his personality. People
should be aware about what they are doing and the reason of doing it as well. Different from Freud’s perspective that present behavior is caused by the past
experience, Alderian believes that present behavior is shaped by the view of the future which is to strive the superiority or success Feist J. Feist G. J., 2009, pp.
65-66
3. Theory of Motivation
According to Lahey 2009, motivation refers to the internal state or condition that activates and gives direction to our thought, feelings, and action. Motives are at
the center of our lives-they arouse and direct what we think, feel, and do. Motivation definition is more general, that is the reason of someone doing or becoming
something. While, motive is more specific, that is the reason why someone think,
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feel, and do. Motivation has bigger scope because motivation can be used to describe motive. While motive is not general to cover motivation.
Lahey divides motivation into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic motivation is human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity or its
natural consequences. It means that the motivation comes from the person himself. He or she has a willingness to do something based on their intuition and they do it
because they want it even though they know the consequences. For example, people who read nonfiction books that unrelated to their work just because it is fun to learn
new things are intrinsically motivated. In contrast, extrinsic motivation is human motives activated by external rewards. It means that there is someone or something
that influences and encourages the person to do something. They become the reasons behind the actions. Though, at the end it is the person himself who decides the
choices. For example, if a child who hates arithmetic homework is encouraged to do so by payment of a nickel for every correct answer, he is extrinsically motivated. That
is, he works for the external payment rather than because of an intrinsic interest in math pp. 360-372.
Another opinion tells about motivation that can be defined as something that forces someone to act directly in order to achieve their personal objectives. According
to Petri 1981, he says: Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or
within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation is also used to explain the differences in the intensity of behavior. More
intense behaviors are considered to be the result of higher level of motivation.
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Additionally we often use the concept of motivation to indicate the direction of behavior pp. 3-4
Abraham Maslow 1970 puts forward an interesting theory about hierarchy of needs. It is the concept that more basic needs must be met before higher-level
needs become active. If lower needs in the hierarchy are not met for the most part, then the higher needs will not operate. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of
biological or psychological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self- esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. The first two needs are considered
primary or lower needs. The remaining three are secondary or higher needs Lahey, 2009, pp. 373-374 Petri 1981, pp. 302-305.
The biological or psychological needs are the fundamental needs for food, water, air, sex, sleep, clothing, shelter, comfort, and self-preservation. The
Psychological needs are the basic needs of physical requirements for human to survive. Psychological needs are the most important needs that must be met first. On
the other hand, if psychological needs are met, the next needs of the hierarchy emerge as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.
The safety needs are primarily triggered in emergency situations same as the psychological needs. The Safety needs are needs to avoid bodily and uncertainly
harm about one’s well being. Safety needs include: personal security, financial security, healthy and well-being, and safety net against accidentsillness and their
adverse impacts.
