among a set of social units: individuals, categories, groups, regions, or something else 2006: 943.
5. Relationship between Society, Culture, and History with a Family
in the Novel
In Cheal’s Sociology of Family Life, it is stated that families do not exist in isolation. They are connected to a number of groups, because they
depend upon them. Families cannot meet all of their needs unaided, in any society, and they must therefore turn to other groups for support and for
resources 2002: 13. In Sills’ International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences vol. 5, it is stated about disorganization and dissolution in family
life. Likewise in every society some of the familial groups are
imperfect in their functioning and deserving of the label “disorganized.” Generally there is some relationship between
disorganization and a more climactic, terminal situation called “dissolution.” Family groups are eventually dissolved by death or
some form of separation, insofar as these groups are organized around the matings of men and women Sills, 1968: 313.
Life is started from a family. Learning to build relationship in a family helps people in building a relationship in social life or in a society.
Social structure in a society has relationship with family life. Relationship between family and society becomes an important thing for every
individual. In the book of Sociology of Marriage and the Family, social class also has effect in family life. Collins 1941 stated that one of the
most important facts about families is that they are not all alike. There are considerable differences in family lifestyles, and among the most
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important of these are differences due to social class 1941: 60. Family in the novel experiences how treatment in social structure
influences their life. In this social structure, there are some actions determined by a social differences or class. In the book of Cultural Theory
the Key Concepts, Edgar and Sedgwick state that there is a social mobility in a society.
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals between hierarchical social groups, most typically between classes. Study of
social mobility is an important complement to studies of social stratification, because a hierarchical society may not be considered
undesirable if there is a free movement between the different levels of the hierarchy. Edgar and Sedgwick, 1999: 365
Noller and Fitzpatrick, in their book of Communication in Family Relationships, illustrate that how we communicate within our family units
often dictates how we will interact with society as a whole. They also illustrate how the most current definition of the family directly implicates
communication and symbolic processes, and argue that modes of family functioning always include communication as a central enabling process.
Societies live longer than either individuals or families, but societies exist only through the patterned interaction of individuals who share common
understanding Sills, 1968: 302. According to the standard model of the family life, the family is a task-performing unit which mediates between
the individual and society Hill, 1971. Cultural differences in defining who is included within the circle of family life are expressed in different
rules about how people should make decisions involving other people Cheal, 2002: 39-40.
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In Cashmore’s Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, it is stated that the stable conception that a subject has of him- or herself as an
individual is an identity. Cultural identity defines a junction between how a culture defines subjects and how they imagine themselves 2004: 95.
Sills, in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences vol. 5, states the significance of familial disorganization and dissolution depends upon the
institutional arrangements for family life in a particular culture 1968: 313.
History gives much contribution in the development of human life and culture. Sowell, in book of Race and Culture, stated a history which
spans thousands of years, encompassing the rise and fall of empires and of peoples, makes it difficult—if not impossible—to believe in the permanent
superiority of any race or culture 1994: 225. Cultural competition has been an integral part of the history of racial and ethnic groups around
world 1994: 226. Amiram Gonen, in The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World, stated Afrikaners are scattered throughout South Africa, with
the largest concentrations in the urban areas in the Transvaal, in the Orange Free States, and in the northern Cape. The province of Natal
probably has the smallest concentration of Afrikaner settlement 1993: 22.
In Encyclopedia of Social History, Stearns said that family history has become a central aspect of social history 2006: 337. It is also stated
that the family is one of the most complex social institutions. It is affected
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by biological processes; psychological dynamics; cultural values; market conditions; demographic changes; the institutions of industrial capitalism,
churches, government, and welfare agencies; and long-term historical changes 2006: 338.
C. Theoretical Framework
Kategori