23 The findings showed that the most common x-words used in the
newspapers were f-words, c-words, and the n-words. There were several ways of using x-words. In the common way of using x-words was to show the reader that
the words were already taboo or regarded as taboo in the certain context. The result also showed that x-words were still the part of language in which they still
could be found in newspapers although they were replaced by the x-words. The second research on swear words was done by Setiawan 2016. In
Setiawan’s research, the research discussed the types and factors of swearing words used by the main characters in the 21
st
Jump Street movie. In finding the result, Setiawan employed theory about the types of swear words from Jay,
namely cursing, profanity, blasphemy, taboo or obscenity, scatology, insult, and slurs. The theory about reasons of swearing that he used was Andersso
n’s theory. Andersson classifies the motives of swearing into three motives namely, the
psychological motive, the social motive, and the linguistic motive. Setiawan applied a discourse analysis technique in analyzing the swear
words in the 21
st
Jump Street movie. There were two main characters that became the data. Setiawan found that there were six types of swearing employed by the
main character namely cursing, profanity, blasphemy, taboo or obscenity, scatology, insult, and slurs. From the result, obscenity and taboo were the most
frequent used by the main characters. There were three types of reasons for swearing, namely the psychological motive, social motive, and linguistic motive.
From the findings, psychological motive was the most frequent motive used by the main characters.
24 Similar to Lindahl and Setiawan
’s researches, this research also discusses the use of swear words. While the research by Lindahl focuses only in the use of
x-words on newspapers, this research is similar to Setiawan’s research which
focuses on categorizing all of the swear words which occur in the movie into some types. While Setiawan
’s research focuses on swear words uttered by men characters in the 21
st
Jump Street movie, this research focuses on the female main character that performs a job as CIA
’s field agent in the Spy movie. Besides, in finding the types of swearing the researcher employs different theories from
Setiawan. In addition, the researcher uses some references provided in both of researches to enrich the theory in this research.
B. Theoretical Framework
This part synthesizes the relevant theories that help the researcher in conducting the research. The theories also help the researcher to answer the two
research questions. The main theories used in this research are related to taboo, taboo words and swear words. The first aim of the research is to find the types of
swear words used by Susan Cooper in the Spy movie. The second objective is to find the motives of swearing used by Susan Cooper in the Spy movie.
In answering the first research question, the researcher used Andersson and Trudgill
’s 1992 theory. They classify the types of swear words into four types. The first is expletive swear words. The expletive swear words are used to express
the speaker’s feeling or emotion such as anger and frustration. They are not directed to others, e.g. Damn The second is abusive swear words. The abusive
25 swear words are used to declare harm to other people directly. They use strong
abusive words such as name-calling and different types of curse, e.g. You bastard
The third is humorous swear words. The humorous swear words are directed to
other people but in humorous way. It used to put a sense of humor in a conversation and create a playful situation, e.g. Get your ass in gear The last is
auxiliary swear words. This type has empty meaning and regarded as “a way of
speaking ”, e.g. He is fucking hot
The second research question is the motives of swearing used by Susan Cooper in the Spy movie. In finding the motives used by Susan Cooper, the
researcher used Andersson ’s 1985 theory as cited in Karjalainen, 2002. He
categorizes the swear words into four motives. The first is psychological motive. In the psychological motive, swearing
is dealing with people’s feeling and emotion. The purpose is to release or express strong feelings. For example, when
people accidentally hit their thumb with a hammer they prefer to say fuck rather than ouch. The second is social motive. In the social motive, swearing is used to
assert identity in a group, to shock, to amuse, to insult, to indicate friendship and to mark social distance or social solidarity. For example, someone calls her best
friend bitch to indicate close relation. The fourth is linguistic motive. In the
linguistic motive, swearing is aimed to emphasize and strengthen what the speaker says. Sometimes, linguistic motive also shows a way of speaking, e.g.
I’m fucking
hilarious.
26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used to obtain the data of the research. There are six sections in this chapter namely, the research method, the
research setting, the data source, the data gathering technique, the data analysis technique, and the research procedure. The research method elaborates the method
used in the chosen research. The research setting focuses on when the research was conducted. The data source describes the origin of the data used in the
research. The data gathering technique explains the technique in gathering the data. The data analysis technique describes the
researcher’s ways in analyzing the findings. The last, the research procedure aims to summarize the steps taken in the
research.
A. Research Method
The focus of this research was on the utterances used by Susan Cooper, the main character in the Spy movie, related to swear words. The methodology was
employed to answer the two research problems. First, which types of swear words are used by Susan Cooper in the Spy movie? Second, what motives affect Susan
Cooper to use swear words in the Spy movie? In conducting this research, the researcher applied qualitative research.
According to Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen 2008, “Qualitative research seek to
interpret human actions, institutions, events, customs, and the like, and in so doing PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
27 they construct a “reading,” or portrayal, what is being studied” p. 421. The goal
of this method is to draw the explanation of what is being studied in the rich detail to help someone who does not experience it understand. Qualitative research is in
the form of a narrative description and an interpretation of phenomena. Further, this research used discourse analysis since it studied the use of
language especially the speech details. Gee 2010 states that “a discourse analysis
is based on the details of speech and gaze, and gesture and action or writing that are arguably deemed relevant in the context and that are relevant to the arguments
the analysis is attempting to make”. Discourse analysis is an interpretation of the interpretative work that people have done in the certain context. Therefore, any
speech data can be transcribed in more or less details to help people interpret the data. The researcher used the descriptive discourse analysis for this research. In
descriptive discourse analysis, the language is described in order to understand how it works and reveals its meaning.
B. Research Setting
The researcher conducted this research for four months. It was started on February 2016 until June 2016. The researcher chose the data source of the
research on February 2016. The data was a movie script entitled Spy and the main character, Susan Cooper, was selected to be observed. In April 2016 the
researcher transcribed Susan’s conversation from the movie. After that, the
researcher classified the types of swear words and found the motives of swearing used by Susan Cooper from April to June 2016.
