Theory of Setting Review of Related Theories

his identity, “because of unfortunate childhood experiences or present social circumstances ” Hjelle and Ziegler, 1981:127. Furthermore, Bhabha defines “identity is only ever the problematic process of access to an image of totality” Bhabha, 1994: 73. Thus, the Africans see that the Western people are the better side of them so that they imitate the appearance and language of the colonizers. It is their desire to be in the same place like their former colonizer. This imitation is called as mimicry by Homi Bhabha. In the Location of Culture, Bhabh a states that “colonial mimicry is the desire for a reformed, recognizable Other, as a subject of a difference that is almost the same, but not quite ” Bhabha, 1994: 122. They imitate what they have perceived, but the other people still can see the differences on it. Moreover, Bhabha explains “the desire for the Other is doubled by the desire in language, which splits the difference between Self and Other so that both positions are partial; neither is sufficient unto itself ” Bhabha 1994: 72. The partial position means “both „incomplete‟ and „ virtual‟” Bhabha, 1994: 123. Hence, there is a shift between Self and Other and it is called as ambivalence. In mimicry concept by Bhabha, mimicry creates ambivalence in the middle between the colonized and the colonizer Bhabha, 1994: 122. Ambivalence of the colonized people is that they have grudge to the colonizer related to the past time. Another is their willingness to be equal as the colonizer position. As they have ambivalence, they are struggled to their own value and goals. Regarding to Baumeister, People who have problems with identity are generally struggling with the more difficult aspects of defining self, such as the establishing of long- term goals, major affiliation, and basic values Baumeister, 1986: 4. Although they imitate the colonizers culture or value, they have their own value from the tribe or society which they are belong to. It is hereditary value they get from the society, it cannot be erased easily. Example is following the tribal tradition. Identity crisis is divided into two types. There are legitimation crisis and motivation crisis Baumeister, 1986: 199. First, legitimation crisis or identity conflict refers “to the multiply defined self whose multiple definitions are imcompatible ” Baumeister, 1986: 199. It means that a person who experiences this crisis has multiple identities. Consequently, he needs a commitment to choose which his identity is. There might be a possibility that he may betray the other identity which he has. Second, motivation crisis or identity deficit refers “to inadequately defined self, characterized by a lack of commitment to goals and values ” Baumeister, 1986: 199. A person who experiences this crisis is not consistent about his decision. Therefore, he might seeks the sources of value, meaning even he questions himself Baumeister, 1986: 199. These theories, except the enlightenment subject Hall‟s concept of identity, are used to answer the second problem formulation.