Theory of Setting Review of Related Theories

imperialism but colonialism doing the reverse. For Loomba, the complicated discussion about imperialism and colonialism contributes in generating the term of ―postcolonial‖. Postcolonial begins with prefix ―post‖ which contains confusing problems. It connotes ―aftermath‖ that has two meanings; temporal coming after and ideological supplanting. It means that prefix ―post‖ can be understood as after colonialism and substitute the colonized ideology with the colonizers ideology Loomba, 2005: 11-12. From the previously foregrounded idea, it can be concluded that imperialism and colonialism are part of the postcolonial discourse which refer to the after colonialism and replacing the native ideology with imperial ideology. It means that it foregrounds the complex relations between the colonizers and the colonized. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin also associate th e term ―postcolonial‖ with the cultural relations between the oppressors and the oppressed from the colonization up to the present day Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 2002: 2. The relation between the oppressors and the oppressed generate various types of discussion which become urgent topic in the constellation of postcolonial studies. Generally speaking, the complicated relations between Western and Eastern present serious discussion on migration, slavery, suppression, resistance, representation, difference, gender, place, responses to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe such as history, philosophy and linguistic Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 1997: 2. Discussion about relations between the oppressors and the oppressed is something new. Most of people are difficult to decide when postcolonial theory is born. According to Peter Barry, ―the ancestry of postcolonial criticism can be traced to Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth , published in French in 1961, and voicing what might be called ―cultural resistance‖ to France’s African empire‖ Barry, 2009: 186. In addition, Barry cites Fanon’s argument that the outcasts have to take back their historical past in order to find out the identity and voice. Besides, the colonized people must fight against the ideology of colonialist that humiliate the historical past of the oppressed Barry, 2009: 186. Here, the ideology of colonialist is emerged in the scope of discourse. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths Helen Tiffin state that discourse is important because it joins power and knowledge together. ―Those who have power have control of what is known and the way it is known, and those who have such knowledge have power over those who do not ‖ Ashcroft et al, 2007: 63. Knowledge and power are particularly important in the relationships between colonizers and colonized. The relation between postcolonialism and discourse is discussed in Said’s book, Orientalism. Most of people believe that Orientalism is a major book of postcolonial theory. Postcolonialist reads Orientalism in order to understand deeper the concept of postcolonialism. Orientalism is ―western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the orient‖ Said, 1994: 3. Thus, orientalism is the understandings, knowledge and the domination of Western ideology over the Eastern world. Besides, postcolonial theory is applied to dismantle Western hegemony.