Diasporic movements of Willie: negotiating identity seen in The Postcolonial Perspectives In Naipaul`s Magic Seeds.

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xiii ABSTRACT

BHAGO, ADRIANUS BRISTO. Diasporic Movement of Willie: Negotiating Identity Seen in the Postcolonial Perspectives in Naipaul’s Magic Seeds. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, (2015).

This thesis discuses Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul’snovel entitled “Magic

Seeds”. In the story the major character searches his true identity. It can be seen from his perspectives toward the idea of home, postcolonial resistance, domestic conflict in India, globalization and multicultural society.

There are two objectives that the writer wants to achieve in this study. First, it is to find out the perspectives of Willie in three different geographical locations. Second, it is to explain how the diasporic movements reveal the idea of postcolonial identity negotiations of Willie.

The writing of this undergraduate thesis was conducted by applying library research. The source of review of related studies, theories and historical background are collected through library research, journals and online sites. The writer considered the postcolonial approach was appropriate to be applied in this study because the novel tells about the endeavor of the major character to find his postcolonial identity in three different locations. By applying this approach, the writer can reveal the idea of postcolonial identity negotiations through diasporic movements in Africa, India and London.

In the analysis, the writer finds out that Willie has particular perspective toward certain circumstance. In Africa, he criticizes the idea of home and postcolonial resistance. He feels uncomfortable in Africa because his life is haunted by the emergence of superiority of his wife and he does not have primordial relation with Africans. Subsequently, Willie moves to India. In India, Willie also has perspective to the idea of home, domestic conflict and globalization. Willie cannot capture feeling at home in India because the architecture of the hotels are copied from foreign countries; he fails to join the

peasants’ movement to fight against landlord and the rapid development of globalization destroys the original cultures in India. Then he moves to London. This is the last route of his journey. He still questions the idea of home and the multicultural society. The idea of home in London is revealed through the

emergence of St. John’s Wood house. He states that St. John’s Wood house gives

luxurious facilities to him that make him comfortable. He also observes the multicultural society in London. Many people from various countries come to London and bring their own languages, cultures and faith. The idea of postcolonial identity negotiations is revealed by the perspectives of Willie in three different geographical locations which represent his future struggle to formulate the fixed identity.

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xiv ABSTRAK

BHAGO, ADRIANUS BRISTO. Diasporic Movement of Willie: Negotiating Identity Seen in the Postcolonial Perspectives in Naipaul’s Magic Seeds. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, (2015).

Skripsi ini membahas novel dari Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul yang berjudul “Magic Seeds”. Di dalam cerita, seorang tokoh utama mencari identitas tunggalnya. Itu dapat dilihat dari sudut pandangnya terhadap konsep rumah, resistensi poskolonial, konflik dalam negeri di India, globalisasi dan terhadap masyarakat multikultural.

Ada dua tujuan yang ingin penulis capai dalam penelitian ini. Pertama adalah untuk menemukan perspektif-perspektif dari Willie di tiga lokasi geografis yang berbeda. Kedua adalah untuk menjelaskan bagaimana gerakan diaspora mengungkapkan adanya negosiasi identitas poskolonial dari Willie.

Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan studi pustaka. Sumber tinjauan pustaka, teori-teori dan latar belakang sejarah dikumpulkan melalui studi pustaka, jurnal dan situs jaringan. Penulis menganggap pendekatan poskolonial adalah tepat untuk diterapkan dalam penelitian ini karena novel bercerita tentang usaha dari karakter utama untuk menemukan identitas poskolonial di tiga lokasi geografis yang berbeda. Dengan menerapkan pendekatan ini, penulis dapat mengungkapkan gagasan negosiasi identitas poskolonial melalui gerakan diaspora di Afrika, India, dan London.

Dalam analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa karakter utama, Willie, memiliki perspektif tertentu terhadap keadaan tertentu. Di Afrika, ia mengkritik konsep rumah dan resistensi poskolonial. Dia merasa tidak nyaman di Afrika karena hidupnya dihantui oleh munculnya superioritas dari istrinya dan ia tidak memiliki hubungan primordial dengan Afrika. Selanjutnya, Willie pindah ke India. Di India, Willie juga mengkritisi terhadap gagasan rumah, konflik dalam negeri dan globalisasi. Willie tidak dapat menangkap konsep rumah karena arsitektur hotel di India diambil dari negara-negara asing; ia gagal bergabung dengan gerakan para petani untuk melawan “tuan tanah” dan perkembangan pesat globalisasi yang menghancurkan budaya asli di India. Kemudian ia pindah ke London. Ini adalah rute terakhir dari perjalanannya. Ia masih mempertanyakan gagasan rumah dan masyarakat multikultural. Konsep rumah di London terungkap melalui munculnya St. John’s Wood. Dia menyatakan bahwa St. John’s Wood memberikan fasilitas mewah kepadanya yang membuatnya nyaman. Di sisi lain, ia juga mengamati masyarakat multikultural di London. Banyak orang dari berbagai negara datang ke London dan membawa bahasa, budaya dan agama mereka sendiri. Ide negosiasi identitas poskolonial ini diungkapkan oleh perspektif Willie di tiga lokasi geografis yang berbeda yang mewakili perjuangan masa depannya untuk merumuskan identitas tunggal.

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DIASPORIC MOVEMENTS OF WILLIE:

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY

SEEN IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES

IN NAIPAUL’S

MAGIC SEEDS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

ADRIANUS BRISTO BHAGO Student Number: 10 4214 101

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2015

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DIASPORIC MOVEMENTS OF WILLIE:

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY

SEEN IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES

IN NAIPAUL’S

MAGIC SEEDS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

ADRIANUS BRISTO BHAGO Student Number: 10 4214 101

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2015

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Adrianus Bristo Bhago

Nomor Mahasiswa : 10 4214 101

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

DIASPORIC MOVEMENTS OF WILLIE:

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY

SEEN IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES

IN NAIPAUL’S

MAGIC SEEDS

Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengolahnya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Dengan demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 18 Februari 2015

Yang menyatakan,

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, February 18, 2015

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vii

Or how can you say to your brother, “brother, let me

remove the speck that is in your eye,’ when you yourself

do not see the plank that is in your own eye?

Hypocrite! First remove the plank from your own eye,

and then you will see clearly to remove the speck that is

in your brother’

s eye.

(Luke, 6: 42)

LET US LOOK AT EACH OTHER WITHOUT MISTRUST, MEET EACH OTHER WITHOUT FEAR,

TALK WITH EACH OTHER WITHOUT SURRENDERING PRINCIPLE. (JOHN POPE)

You can’t control others’ acts, but you can control your

reaction to their acts,

and that is what counts most to you.

(Napoleon Hill)

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viii

I dedicate this undergraduate thesis to:

My dear Jesus Christ and Holy Mother Mary

My beloved Mom

My wonderful Dad

My lovely sisters:

Ferty, Ivonn, Gin,

Ratna (RIP) and Era

My dearest brothers:

Arto, Visto, Arno,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Hallelujah and hallelujah! I praise Almighty God for all Thy blessings on me that I can finish this undergraduate thesis. I praise Thee Holy Mary that it is because of Thy love for that I can pass all the difficult times during my working on thesis. I believe that nothing is impossible to achieve as long as Thou Lord stands by my side.

My deepest gratitude goes to Paulus Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D, for being patient in guiding and encouraging me completing my undergraduate thesis. I thank him for his time to read, check on my work, and also for the discussions that open my mind to gain the new ideas. I also thank him for his willingness to support me when my spirit goes down. My deepest gratitude also goes to Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S, M.Hum who has given her time to read and check on my thesis. Thank her for the discussions.

My gratitude also goes to all the lectures at English Letters Department for their dedications and guidance for me during my study, to all the Secretariat staff and Library staff for their best service.

My endless gratitude goes to my parents Bapa Laurentius Bhago who gives me chance to study at Sanata Dharma University and Mama Marcelina Sin with her love, warmth and patience. My Mama’s love, warmth and patience make me understand that one’s life should be useful for everyone without discrimination. Their prayer, love, patience, guidance, advice and financial support become strength to finish my study. Mama and Bapa, I want to say sorry if I make many mistakes. Besides, my gratitude also goes to my gentle brothers;

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Arto, Visto and Arno, thanks for taking care Mama and Bapa. My lovely sisters; Ferti, Ivonn, Gin, Ratna (RIP) and Era, I thank them for their love and patience. I love my dear family.

My special thanks also go to my beloved partner, Paskaliani R. Jani, for her patience and love in guiding me to better person. I thank her for granting a space in her heart and letting me to part of her life. I also thank her for being my side when I am up and down. God Love Us.

Finally I thank my classmates from the class of 2010 (Melki, Ichi, Kenzy, Diaz, Kicos, Mendra, Febri, Fanny, Meiti, Susi, Indi, Kae Kons) IKALEWA, SANPIO 04 JOGJA (Yoan, Pinok, Lalong, Barus, Sony, Selo, James), Mrican Football Club, 8A United (Romi, Alvin, Eeng, Bang Grandil, Ausan, Bang Andrew, Pa D Ary, Bang Muklas, Bang Andi, Yance, Ndek and Try Kuncoro), Postcolonial Group (Vania, Grady and Cuimbra) and all the people that I cannot mention one by one, for their endless support and for being my friend and family.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH v STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

ABSTRACT ... xiii

ABSTRAK ... xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 5

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Definitions of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 9

A. Review of Related Studies ... 9

B. Review of Related Theories ... 13

1. Theory of Character and Characterization ... 13

2. Theory of Setting ... 16

3. Postcolonial Theory... 17

4. Theory of Identity... 21

C. Review on Social Condition in Africa, India after Independence, and England ... 24

1. Review on Social Condition in Africa during Colonization ... 24

a. Scramble for Africa ... 24

b. The Effects of the Scramble ... 26

2. Review on Social Condition in India after Independence... 27

3. Review on Social Condition in England 1957-1960 ... 30

D. Theoretical Framework ... 32

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 34

A. Object of the Study... 34

B. Approach of the Study ... 35

C. Method of the Study ... 36

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ... 39

A. Depiction of Willie’s Perspectives in the Different Geographical Locations ... 39

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xii

1. Willie’s Perspective in Africa ... 40

a. Willie’s Perspective on the Idea of Home ... 40

b. Willie’s Perspective on Postcolonial Resistance ... 42

2. Willie’s Perspective in India ... 45

a. Willie’s Perspective on the Idea of Home ... 45

b. Willie’s Perspective on Domestic Conflict in the Aftermath of the India Independence ... 52

c. Willie’s Perspective on Globalization ... 55

3. Willie’s Perspective in England ... 59

a. Willie’s Perspective on the Idea of Home ... 59

b. Willie’s Perspective on Multicultural Society ... 61

B. Postcolonial Identity Negotiation Revealed through Willie’s Diasporic Movements ... 64

1. Willie’s Perspective in Africa ... 65

a. Willie’s Perspective on the Idea of Home ... 65

b. Willie’s Perspective on Postcolonial Resistance ... 67

2. Willie’s Perspective in India ... 69

a. Willie’s Perspective on the Idea of Home ... 70

b. Willie’s Perspective on Domestic Conflict in the Aftermath of the India Independence ... 71

c. Willie’s Perspective on Globalization ... 73

3. Willie’s Perspective in England ... 74

a. Willie’s Perspective on the Idea of Home ... 75

b. Willie’s Perspective on Multicultural Society ... 76

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 78

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 83

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xiii ABSTRACT

This thesis discuses Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul’snovel entitled “Magic

emergence of St. John’s Wood house. He states that St. John’s Wood house gives

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xiv ABSTRAK

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Human beings have their own histories that help their young generation to get better future. Several histories of human beings tell the fall and glory of certain empire. One may acknowledges the fall of certain empire for instance, fall of Rome and fall of Constantinople. On the other hand, history records some glorious narratives for example, the glory of Sriwijaya and Majapahit. Those histories are spread in different ways depend on the technology in that time. Commonly, present day, people record the experiences of the ancestors through novels, travel writings, and periodicals.

In the colonization period, the colonizers spread the news through newspapers. The empire in its heyday is conceived and maintained through writings-political treatises, diaries, acts and edicts, administrative records and gazetteers, missionaries‟ reports, notebooks, memoirs, popular verse, government briefs (Boehmer, 2005: 14).

From early days of colonization, literature is defined to interpret the way of thinking about exploration, Western conquest, national valour, and new colonial acquisitions. The intensive interactions between the oppressors and the oppressed have been developed from time to time through literature as its object. However, the imbalance relation between colonizers and colonized is one of the objects in postcolonial studies (Ashcroft, Griffiths & Tiffin, 2000: 188). In the

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scope of literature, postcolonial literature scrutinizes the correlations between the colonizers and the colonized comprehensively. Boehmer emphasizes that postcolonial literature is generally defined as the endeavor to dismantle the colonial relationship. It is used to fight against the ideology of the colonizers. Thus, the emergence of postcolonial writing is deeply marked by experiences of cultural exclusion and division under empire (Boehmer, 2005: 3).

However, in colonization era, the colonizers have employed literature to spread the ideology, to control, and to oppress the natives or the outcasts. “Institution of literature in the colony is under the direct control of the imperial ruling class who alone license the acceptable form and permit the publication and distribution of the resulting work” (Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 2002: 6). Hence, the emergence of literature in that time has huge contribution to the development of Western hegemony over the world.

Subsequently, literature begins to enter on the golden era. It occurs when the ruling class and lower class have an equal opportunity to access to the literature. In this case, the colonized people can feel the freedom, although later they engage with “self” control. They are able to express their perspectives, experiences and feelings toward cultural interaction between the colonizers and the colonized throughout the world through literary work. The implication of this freedom is the emergence of anti-colonial writers who become more dangerous for the colonizers. Naipaul is categorized as postcolonial writer because his works mostly examine the dilemma of the post-colonial writer. Notably, Ashcroft,

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Griffiths, and Tiffin (2002: 86) state that V.S Naipaul‟s works examine the dilemma of the post-colonial writer, but particularly in The Mimic Men (1976).

Naipaul‟s dilemma also can be seen in his novel, Magic Seeds. In Magic Seeds Naipaul scrutinizes his dilemma through Willie‟s perspectives. Willie is characterized as a man who travels from India to London. In his travel, Willie is trying to find his “true identity”.

Notably, Magic Seeds emphasizes the diasporic movement of Naipaul. Robert Balfour in his article “V.S Naipaul’s Half a Life, Magic Seeds and Globalisation” examines that Magic Seeds compromises a single narrative of migration and identity politics, describing the brutalization and diaspora of peoples as a result of slavery, colonization and decolonization and industrialization.

According to Post-Colonial Studies, diasporic movement is a product of colonialism. Here, diasporic movement involves the temporary or permanent dispersion and settlement of millions or Europeans over the entire world (2007: 61). Wolfreys, Robbins and Womack identify that diaspora as settling of various people away from their homelands; often associated with the notion of the Jewish diaspora in modern Israel, but extended in cultural studies, postcolonial studies and race theory to consider the displacement of peoples by means of force, such as slavery (Wolfreys, Robbins and Womack, 2006: 32).

Naipaul is as the descendant of diasporic movement. The descendants of the diasporic movements generated by colonialism have developed their own distinctive cultures which both preserve and often extend and develop their

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originary cultures (Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 2007: 62). Thus, it can be concluded that the diasporic movement does not only lead the colonized people into displacement but dispose them into ambivalence space where the cultures and identities are constructed by the colonizers.

Naipaul‟s literary work, Magic Seeds, shows his own voice, where he focuses on his diasporic movement and different ways of seeing toward neighborhood. Magic Seeds begins when Willie has travelled from India to be a student in London, and published a book of stories. Later on he marries a woman of mixed Portuguese and African ancestry and lives in her Portuguese African colony for 18 years, and at the point of the colony's independence, leaves to join his sister in Berlin. Willie's sister Sarojini, criticizes of his passivity and lack of commitment toward the war. Willie is supported to involve revolution group. Willie agrees to go back to India to join guerrilla war. Actually, he joins wrong group and undergoes a long period of aimless marching, murder and hiding out in the forest. Later, he escapes from revolution group. He is captured and imprisoned. His sister, however, recruits Roger, an English lawyer and publisher who has known Willie during his student life. In a short while he is on a plane to London, where Roger finds him a rich patron and a job on a trade journal. The story ends with Willie reflecting on his life and on Britain's new multi-racial identity.

The novel depicts wonderful experiences of the author with all the strange imaginations and ways of seeing toward surroundings. In order to understand deeper, the readers have to read the story carefully. The diasporic

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experiences of the author attract the writer to analyze it. In this thesis, the writer would like to analyze the diasporic movements of Naipaul‟s protagonist, Willie. The writer sees the strong correlation between diasporic movements and the struggle of the main character to find his identity.

B. Problem Formulations

1. How are Willie‟s perceptions on postcolonial issues in the different geographical locations depicted in the novel?

2. How do diasporic movements reflect Willie‟s postcolonial identity negotiation?

C. Objectives of the Study

This thesis is aimed to reveal how diasporic movements reflect Willie‟s postcolonial identity negotiation. To get better understanding about that objective, two problem formulations are made. First objective focuses on the Willie‟s perspectives on the three different geographical locations. Second objective is how diasporic movements reflect Willie‟s postcolonial identity negotiation.

D. Definitions of Terms

In order to avoid miss understanding and give clear meaning, it is important for the writer to define some terms. The terms are significant to comprehend the problems discussed in this undergraduate thesis. In their book Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts (2007: 61), Ashcroft, Griffiths, and

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Tiffin explain that the word “diaspora” is taken from Greek meaning “to disperse”. Diasporas, the voluntary or forcible movement of peoples from their homelands into new regions, is a central historical fact of colonization. According to Brah (1996: 178-179) the word derives from the Greek—dia, “through”, and speirein, “to scatter”. According to Webster‟s Dictionary in the United States, diaspora refers to a “dispersion from”. Hence the word embodies a notion of a centre, a locus, a „home‟ from where the dispersion occurs. It invokes images of multiple journeys. At the heart of the notion of diaspora is the image of a journey. Yet not every journey can be understood as diaspora. Diasporas are clearly not the same as casual travel. Nor do they normatively refer to temporary sojourns. Diasporic movement is the act of moving of people from their homeland to another place where they settling down, about putting roots “elsewhere”.

The writer also uses another terminology. It is negotiating. According to International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences negotiating is an act of interaction through which individuals, organization, or governments explicitly try to arrange a new combination of some of their conflicting interests (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences vol 11, 117). Identity negotiation is the way how someone consults his identity with another people in order to get the agreement.

Besides, the terminology of postcolonial identity is also used in this study. Stuart Hall defines postcolonial identities are never unified and, in late modern times, increasingly fragmented and fractured; never singular but multiply constructed across different, often intersecting and antagonistic, discourses,

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practices, and positions. They are subject to a radical historicization, and are constantly in the process of change and transformation (Hall, 1996: 4). It means that identity is not stable. In the contemporary era, identity is always constituted.

Subsequently, the terminology of colonization must be explained in this research. Marc Ferro in his book, Colonization: A Global History (1997: 1), defines that colonization is associated with the occupation of a foreign land, with is being brought under cultivation, with the settlement of colonists. He explained that colonization is refers to” power” of a people to “reproduce” itself in different spaces. Thus, colonization is related to the endeavor of the colonizers to grab new territory. They spread their ideology, cultures and so on.

According to Slemon, “postcolonial” and “resistance” are positively shimmering as objects of desire and self privilege and so easily appropriated to competing, and in fact hostile, modes of critical and literary practice (Slemon, 1995: 104). Subsequently, Slemon cites Cudjoe and Harlow‟s work, resistance is an act or sets of acts, that is designed to rid a people of its oppressors, and it so thoroughly infuses the experience of living under oppression that it becomes an almost autonomous aesthetic principle (1995: 107). Thus, postcolonial resistance is related to the unfriendly competition between oppressed and oppressors in modes of critical and literary practice. It is because the oppressed is living under oppression.

Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin also associate the term “postcolonial” with the cultural relations between the oppressors and the oppressed from the colonization up to the present day (Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 2002: 2).

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According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the word “issue” is defined as an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about. Postcolonial issue is the important point which related to the general discussion about the relations between colonizers and colonized from past up to the present day.

The last term that the writer used in this study is globalization. Globalization is the process whereby individual lives and local communities are affected by economic and cultural forces that operate world-wide. In effect it is the process of the world becoming a single place. Globalism is the perception of the world as a function or result of the processes of globalization upon local communities (Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 2007: 100). Globalization operates in the economic and cultural sector. The Western countries spread their economy system over the third world countries. The local communities in the third countries are not able to block the influences from first world countries.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the writer explores some reviews in order to support the analysis. This chapter consists of the review of related studies, review of related theories and the review of Social condition in Africa during colonization, India post-independence and England. The last part is the theoretical framework.

A.

Review of Related Studies

Reviewing on Magic Seeds, Alphonsa C.A in her article entitled

―Dispersed Identities and the Search for Home: A Postcolonial Reading of V.S.

Naipaul’s Magic Seeds‖ states that ―home‖ gives somebody sense of place in the world. In this way, one acknowledges certain place in the world if they have a home. Thus, by considering the significant meaning of home, someone understands who they are. Further, Alphonsa highlights that:

the concept of home as a place which is give comfort, security and

stability to somebody…Home becomes a mythic place of desire in the diasporic imagination…Home as an idea always ensures that we are

ourselves, and a place that allows one to rip off all the masks…Magic

Seeds which is a continuum of Naipaul’s constant engagement with the

live of dispossessed and unmade world they inhabit (Alphonsa, 2012: 44-47).

Alphonsa offers better insight that relocation, fleeing or movement of people from one social space to another either willingly or forcefully is painful. As a novel, Magic Seeds portrays comprehensively the victory of the colonizers in disposing

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the sense of belonging of the colonized people. In other words, Alphonsa more

concern on the concept of home to reveal one’s identity.

Meanwhile, Lucia Miheala Grosu ―Mapping the Road to Identity in V.S

Naipaul’s Magic Seeds‖ has a different standpoint to understand Willie’s identity.

She observes that Naipaul in his literary work consistently uses metaphor. The

using of metaphor on Naipaul’s novel, Magic Seeds, depicts the cleverness of the writer in keeping the hidden messages of the story. By focusing on the mapping of the metaphor, Grosu comes into conclusion that it symbolizes one’s journey to

discover one’s identity. She employs metaphor to interpret Willie’s struggles, V.S Naipaul’s main character in Magic Seeds, to discover own identity, his true self. Grosu also notes Magic Seeds as follows:

Naipaul’s novel has an open ending, thus his readers are left imagining different outcomes of the hero. We are once more allowed into his

thoughts: ―I must try now to be only myself. If such a thing is possible‖

(Naipaul, 2004: 170). Through these words, the author gives us an indication as to how Willie is going to live the rest of his life and he also

sums up the message hidden under the hero’s life map: one has to build a

life without mirroring others' existence and celebrating one’s individuality (Grosu, 2013: 62).

Grosu asserts that ―Magic Seeds tells the story of how identity is built and changed and rebuilt, how an individual can reconnect with a dormant self, how a person can grow and achieve the wisdom of accepting his own flaws, his own

mistakes‖ (Grosu, 2013: 58).

Still reviewing V.S Naipaul’s Magic Seeds Ravi Kumar Mishra, in his article ―Sense of Place and Post-Colonial Perspectives in the Fiction of V.S. Naipaul: Half a Life and Magic Seeds‖ discusses about the theme of post

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colonialism and sense of place by analyzing V.S Naipaul’s two novels Half a Life and Magic Seeds. Mishra notes as following explanations:

One definition is that a place comes into existence when humans give meaning to a part of the larger, undifferentiated space. Any time a location is identified or given a name, it is separated from the undefined space that surrounds it. Some places, however, have been given stronger meanings, names or definitions by society than others. These are the places that are said to have a strong Sense of Place. The sense of place is a social phenomenon that exists independently of any one individual's experiences, yet is dependent on human engagement for its existence. Such a feeling may be derived from the natural environment, but is more often made up of a mix of natural and cultural features in the landscape, and generally includes the people who occupy the place (Mishra, 2013: 12).

From quotation above, Mishra wants to emphasize the significance of certain place to anyone existence. Broadly, particular place certainly has different meaning to one’s life. Place itself cannot be separated from human experiences. The novel has three settings: first there is pre-independence Africa, then post-independence India, and finally London. All three are places that Naipaul can identify with. Thus, sense of place is a social phenomenon which is related to

one’s experiences. Subsequently Mishra also comments on Naipaul’s characters. Based on his paper, he proclaims that:

characters in Magic Seeds and Half a Life tend to deny one or more racial

characteristics in order to become ―more respectable,‖ in their estimation.

However, they eventually discover that their identity cannot be fixed because they are the fruits of multiple cultures. All through the novel, Willie is drifting without a solid and fixed identity. He cannot try to achieve one fixed identity because of his multi-background (Mishra, 2013: 13).

Mishra reiterates that Naipaul’s characters are unable to discover the single

identity in their multi backgrounds. Thus, tendency to disclaim the one or more characteristics are generally found in multiple cultures.

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Another criticism on Magic Seeds comes from Robert Balfour. His

analysis is different from three critics before. In his article ―V.S. Naipaul’s Half a

life, Magic Seeds and Globalisation‖, Balfour explores:

Naipaul’s 21st

century writing as a critical understanding of the postcolonial phenomenon of globalisation as a cultural and economic force which is a development and consequence of imperialism and decolonisation. I shall argue that as a phenomenon, globalization differs from postcolonialism, in the interaction it brings about between marginalised classes and nations and those who by virtue of class, economic power or race are defined as being at the centre in the 21stcentury (Balfour, 2007: 1).

For Balfour, however, postcolonial phenomenon of globalization as a cultural and economic force is different from postcolonialism. On the other hand, both globalization and postcolonialism lead marginalized class and nations to the center of 21st century. Balfour draws attention that globalization and postcolonialism have significant power to the marginalised classes.

In this thesis, the writer develops what Alphonsa, Grosu, Mishra and Balfour have analyzed. Broadly, the three of them examine about Willie’s

identity. Alphonsa underlines the important of home for one’s existence. For Alphonsa, the emergence of home itself is able to determine who we are. ―Thus

home as an idea always ensures that we are ourselves‖ (Alphonsa, 2012: 49).

Grosu’s “Mapping the Road to Identity in V.S Naipaul’s Magic Seeds” asserts

that ―for Willie the trauma of his life is not determined by economic, political or

social difficulties, but by his inability to find his own identity and thus his place in

the world‖ (Grosu, 2013: 57). Notably, Grosu explains that the inability of Willie to encounter his true self brings him into traumatic circumstances. In line with

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identity in multi-background. Different from three critics, Balfour more concerns on the postcolonial as a phenomenon of globalization. He scrutinizes the ramifications of the globalization and postcolonialism toward marginalized classes. His elaborations are also useful in this study. Based on the profound considerations, the writer develops what Alphonsa, Grosu, Mishra and Balfour have done. The purpose of this study is to examine how diasporic movement reflects the postcolonial identity negotiation of Willie. Thus the writer’s standpoint here is clear.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

Character is one of main intrinsic element in literary work. Knowing the theory of character is important for the writer. Better understanding to the related theory help the writer to analyze what kind of postcolonial conditions describes.

M.H Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham in their book, A Glossary of Literary Terms states that characters are the represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue and from what they do—the action. The grounds in the characters' temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (Abrams and Harpham, 2009: 32-33).

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There are two kinds of character: the major character and the minor character. The major character is the main focus in a work of literature. The

author’s idea or thought are represented through the main characters. Therefore, the reader’s attention is focused on them. As Henkle states in his book Reading the Novel:

Major character has a fullest attention for the readers. They will have opinions that he or she will represent their wish and thought, and may become the major figure that build their expectation and desires, which in modification shift or established their values (Henkle, 1977: 92).

On the contrary, the minor character is character that has a limited function. The minor character is the partner of the major character in the story; it can be the

major character’s friend or enemy, to improve the story and to make some interaction to fulfill the context of the story (Henkle, 1977: 95).

Characterization also plays an important role in building the idea of a story. Characterization is the way the author characterize the characters. According to Holman and Harmon (1986: 81), characterization is the creation of imagery persons so that they exist for the readers as life. Therefore, characterization should be conveyed in a good way in order to create a clear

image to the reader’s perception.

Rohrberger and Woods in Reading and Writing about Novel define characterization as the process by which an author creates character, it is the device that he makes the readers to believe a character in the particular type of person he is. An author does this way to make a stereotype of someone existing in a real world situation comes real during the reading (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 20).

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According to M. J Murphy there are nine methods for readers to understand the character. First, Personal Description. The author describes the appearance of a character in details such as the face, the skin color, the hair and so on. Second, Character as Seen by the Others. The author describes the character of

the person through the other’s eyes and opinion. The opinion that come from people around the person about his personality can also determine his characteristics. Third, Speech. The author gives the readers some clues about the character through what the character says. Fourth, Past Life. Through certain

events of the character’s past life, the readers know the characteristic of him/her. Here we learn that a character’s past experiences, particularly those which are really meaningful can cause several effects to the person’s future life even may

change his character. Fifth, Conversation of Others. Through the conversations done by other people, the readers know what they say about the character. Seventh, Reactions. The readers know what kind of person the character is by seeing how he/she reacts to various situations in the story. The readers here can conclude if a person is temperamental or patient. Eighth, Direct Comment. The author gives direct comment to the character. However, the author does not give lots of direct comment otherwise the novel is uninteresting to read. Ninth, Thoughts. The author directly mentions what a person is thinking about. By knowing what in the character’s mind, the readers know his characteristic. Tenth, Mannerism. The author creates the character’s behaviors where each and every one of the behaviors shows the characteristic of the character. A person’s habits of

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idiosyncrasies may also tell us something about his or her characteristic (Murphy, 1972: 161-173).

2. Theory of Setting

Setting is one of the main intrinsic elements in the novel. Setting has an important role in the novel which has direct effect to the character, such as personalities, and way of thinking. There have been many books discussed about theory of setting, but the writer only takes three of them to analyze the novel.

Setting of the novel is the background against which the characters live up their lives usually setting concerns with place and time in which the characters live. These can give a great effect on their personalities, actions, and way of thinking (Murphy, 1972: 41). In A Glossary of Literary Terms, setting of a narrative or dramatic work is the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs; the setting of a single episode or scene within a work is the particular physical location in which it takes place (Abrams and Harpham, 2009: 330).

Subsequently, Holman and Harmon describe that there are four aspects compose the setting. First the actual geographical action which contains; its topography, scenery, and such physical arrangements as such the location of the interior, for example, door, window, furniture, etc. It means the description where the story takes place physically. Second the time or period in which the action takes place. Third is the occupations and daily manner of living of the character. Fourth the general environment of the characters, for example: religions, mental,

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moral, social, and emotional conditions through which the people in the narrative move (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 468).

3. Postcolonial Theory

Reviewing on postcolonialism needs more concentration in order to understand deepest about it. Many believe that postcolonialism has two meanings. First, postcolonialism can be defined as certain era. Second, postcolonialism also can be interpreted as theory. Although postcolonialism has two meanings, many people convince that it more relates to the theory.

In this study, the writer scrutinizes the constellation of postcolonialism as theory in the postcolonial studies. Wilfred L Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R. Willingham define the process of reconstructing

as ―postcolonialism‖. According to them, ―postcolonialism is as a historical phase undergone by Third World countries after the decline of colonialism: for example, when countries in Asia, Africa, Latin, America, and the Caribbean separated from the European empires and are left to rebuild themselves‖ (Guerin et al, 2011: 361). Thus, it can be concluded that postcolonial theory is built on the advanced awareness of the ex-colonized.

Ania Loomba in Colonialism/Postcolonialism describes the complex relations between imperialism and colonialism. She argues that imperialism, colonialism and the differences between them are explained separately based on the histories transformation. In addition, she criticizes that the meaning of imperialism can be implemented in undefined colonies as in United States

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imperialism but colonialism doing the reverse. For Loomba, the complicated discussion about imperialism and colonialism contributes in generating the term

of ―postcolonial‖. Postcolonial begins with prefix ―post‖ which contains confusing problems. It connotes ―aftermath‖ that has two meanings; temporal (coming after) and ideological (supplanting). It means that prefix ―post‖ can be understood as after colonialism and substitute the colonized ideology with the colonizers ideology (Loomba, 2005: 11-12).

From the previously foregrounded idea, it can be concluded that imperialism and colonialism are part of the postcolonial discourse which refer to the after colonialism and replacing the native ideology with imperial ideology. It means that it foregrounds the complex relations between the colonizers and the colonized. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin also associate the term ―postcolonial‖ with the cultural relations between the oppressors and the oppressed from the colonization up to the present day (Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 2002: 2).

The relation between the oppressors and the oppressed generate various types of discussion which become urgent topic in the constellation of postcolonial studies. Generally speaking, the complicated relations between Western and Eastern present serious discussion on migration, slavery, suppression, resistance, representation, difference, gender, place, responses to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe such as history, philosophy and linguistic (Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 1997: 2). Discussion about relations between the oppressors and the oppressed is something new. Most of people are difficult to decide when postcolonial theory is born. According to Peter Barry, ―the ancestry

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of postcolonial criticism can be traced to Frantz Fanon’s The Wretched of the Earth, published in French in 1961, and voicing what might be called ―cultural

resistance‖ to France’s African empire‖ (Barry, 2009: 186). In addition, Barry

cites Fanon’s argument that the outcasts have to take back their historical past in

order to find out the identity and voice. Besides, the colonized people must fight against the ideology of colonialist that humiliate the historical past of the oppressed (Barry, 2009: 186). Here, the ideology of colonialist is emerged in the scope of discourse.

Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths & Helen Tiffin state that discourse is important because it joins power and knowledge together. ―Those who have power have control of what is known and the way it is known, and those who have such knowledge have power over those who do not‖ (Ashcroft et al, 2007: 63). Knowledge and power are particularly important in the relationships between colonizers and colonized.

The relation between postcolonialism and discourse is discussed in Said’s book, Orientalism. Most of people believe that Orientalism is a major book of postcolonial theory. Postcolonialist reads Orientalism in order to understand deeper the concept of postcolonialism. Orientalism is ―western style for

dominating, restructuring, and having authority over the orient‖ (Said, 1994: 3). Thus, orientalism is the understandings, knowledge and the domination of Western ideology over the Eastern world. Besides, postcolonial theory is applied to dismantle Western hegemony.

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Western hegemony can be seen on the ability of the colonizers in controlling even creating the Eastern in all aspects such as politics, economies, cultures, militaries, sciences and imaginative. In this context, creating process of eastern world generates binary opposition that places the western people in the strong position and the eastern people in weak position:

Binary oppositions are structurally related to one another, and in colonial discourse there may be a variation of the one underlying binary –for instance, colonizer : colonized, white : black, civilized : primitive, good : evil, beautiful : ugly (Ashcroft, Griffiths & Tiffin, 2007: 19).

Those practices must be dismantled by postcolonial theory. The emergence of postcolonial theory is supposed to cultivate the comprehensive understanding to the eastern people in seeing the western ideology. Leela Gandhi in Postcolonial Theory defines postcolonialism as ―theoretical resistance to the mystifying amnesia of the colonial aftermath‖ (Gandhi, 1998: 4). In other words, postcolonial theory is toolkit for the colonized people to fight against the colonizers’ suppressions. The colonized people must be aware the implications of the colonization in a long time ago.

The consciousnesses of the aftermath of colonization makes colonized people searching the strategies to reconstruct their culture, ideology, social, economy, politic and identity. This is what Asian, African, American and Caribbean do. However, western hegemony produces cultural bias in the Eastern world. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin in The Post-colonial Studies Reader state that postcolonial connect with cultural bias which caused by the colonial process from the beginning of the colonial contact.

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4. Theory of Identity

Identity is closely related to the position within society. Hall in Questions of Cultural Identity (Hall, 1996: 4) examines that identities are absolutely rupture which cannot be collected in single unit. Identities are disintegrated and split vividly in contemporary era. They are always in process of mutation and revolution.

From previously foregrounded idea, it can be concluded that a well known critic, Hall proposes an essential definition of identity to entire people that becomes a starting point to discover another definition of identity. Fixed identity is something difficult for one to achieve in contemporary era. Most of the identities are constituted.

In line with Hall, Bhabha in his book The Location of Culture describes that identity is not an a priori or a finished product. According to him, it is only the problematic process of access to an image of totality (Bhabha, 2004: 73). In other words, identity is an unfinished product and it relates to questions of the totality. However, as Bhabha and Hall contend, identity distinctly concerns with the process of the completeness of image. Definitions of identity from Bhabha and Hall are quite general. Hogg and Abrams in their book Social Identifications: A social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes review that

―identity is people’s concepts of who they are, of what sort of people they are, and

how they relate to others‖ (Hogg and Abrams, 1988: 2). Defining the conception of identity, Hogg and Abrams concern with the questions who they are and how relationship between human beings occurs.

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Subsequently, Francis M. Deng contends the definition of identity specifically. Definition of identity in his book entitled War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan (Deng, 1995: 1) is ―the way individuals and groups define themselves and are defined by other on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, language and culture‖. In other words, the notion of identity depends on how someone or certain group characterizes who they are. The basic identification based on race, ethnicity, religion, language and culture.

Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann do not classify the term of identity in a particular field as Deng noted earlier. Briefly, they associate the idea of identity with certain realm. Berger and Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality clarifies that the meaning of identity is objectively defined ―as location in a certain world and can be subjectively appropriated only along with that world‖ (Berger and Luckmann, 1966: 132). Thus, certain place is going to be a fundamental feature in determining one’s identity. Identity is not only about place, race, religion and culture, but also connects with narrative. The idea of narrative connects to the notion of identity. Gregory Castle in Postcolonial Discourse: An Anthology states explicitly that ―identity is always a question of producing in the future an account of the past, that is to say it is always about narrative, the stories

which cultures tell themselves about who they are and where they came from‖

(Castle, 2001: 283). Castle examines further what narrative is about. Narrative in connection with the definition of identity is the stories which tell human beings about who they are and also where they originated from. Kum-Kum Bhavnani and

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Ann Phoenix in Shifting Identities Shifting Racisms: A Feminism & A Psychology Reader remark that:

identity as a word which is much used in both academic and political

contexts…The notion of identity is as static, and therefore, unchanging,

is one which is not fruitful in discussing the construction of, the reproduction through, and the challenge to unequal social relationships…Identity as a static and unitary trait which lies within human beings, rather than as an interactional and contextual feature of all social relationships, has been laid to rest. Identity as dynamic aspect of social relationships, is forged and reproduced through the agency/ structure dyad, and is inscribed within unequal power relationships (Bhavnani and Phoenix, 1994: 6-9).

From quotation above, the writer draws conclusion that identity covers various field of human beings. Notably, Bhavnani and Phoenix depict identity as a static and dynamic and challenging an unequal condition in social relationships between human beings. The characteristics of identity, static and dynamic, are engraved within disproportion power of human relationships. The static identity has been rested because it is not useful in discussing of human relationships.

Actually, Bhavnani and Phoenix reveal how the static identity cannot be maintained in the contemporary era. They also emphasize dynamic identity which always be shaped and constituted in social structure. Further, they say that the constituted identity is portrayed in the unequal relationships.

Gandhi’s definition of identity is almost the same as Bahvnani and Phoenix. The difference between them is on the object of study. Gandhi in her book entitled Postcolonial Theory focuses on the unequal relations between the colonizers and the colonized. She says that ―identity is always underpinned by the presence of its Other, or that every major knowledge carries within itself the possibility of a countervailing minor-ness‖ (Gandhi, 1998: 54). Alexander Wendt

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in his article Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics pronounces identity as following explanations:

identities-relatively stable, role-specific understandings and expectations about self-by participating in such collective meanings. Identities are inherently relational: "Identity, with its appropriate attachments of psychological reality, is always identity within a specific, socially constructed world (Wendt, 1992: 397).

Based on quotation above, the writer finds some important points. First, identity is not stable. Second, identity is inherently relational. Third, identity is socially constructed.

C. Review on Social Condition in Africa, India after Independence, and England

1. Review on Social Condition in Africa during Colonization a. Scramble for Africa

Ehiedu E. G. Iweriebor, ―The Colonization of Africa”in Africana Age’s

website comprehensively describes:

Africa experienced the European imperialist aggression, diplomatic pressures, military invasions and eventual conquest and colonization between 1870s and 1900. The European imperialist push into Africa is motivated by three main factors, economic, political, and social. It developed in the nineteenth century following the collapse of the profitability of the slave trade, its abolition and suppression, as well as the expansion of the European capitalist Industrial Revolution. Thus the primary motivation for European intrusion is economic (Iweriebor, 2011).

Aggression, diplomatic pressures, and military invasions have been done in African land by the Western people in order to grab the resources. On the other hand, European people also spread the capitalist industrial revolution. By

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spreading the capitalist system, the white man can control natural resources. The

richness of Africa’s natural resources is explicitly explained by Charles R. Joy in Emerging Africa as following explanations:

even before the carving up of Africa, the nations of Europe has found that there are other kinds of wealth in Africa besides the yellow gold dug from the rocks, the white gold of ivory, and the black gold of slaves. In 1867 diamonds are discovered in South Africa. Later, coal and many of the common metals are found in various parts of continent. Large deposits of uranium have been found in the Congo and South Africa. Oil has also become a major resource (Joy, 1967: 9).

However, Africa has many natural resources and those push the Western countries into Africa continent. Donald R. Wright in Microsoft Encarta (2008) also rises economic as primary factor for European to control Africa. He describes that European nations begin scramble to grab colonies in Africa continent at the end of the 19th century. The western people come close to the Africa continent by sending the soldiers. The soldiers have two functions; they act as investigator and creator of settlements on African land. Western people take advantage on the African resources which enrich their own country.

The most aggressive country that exploits the African resources is England which is represented by Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes is diamond prospector who gains control of many diamond mines in South Africa. He dominates world diamond production. He grasps African continent for Britain from 1881. Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe are the countries that have been seized by Cecil Rhodes.

Subsequently, many other Western countries also exploit African resources such as France, Portuguese and Germany. All African countries except

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Ethiopia and Liberia are controlled by European people in 1912. African countries can liberate from Western domination after 1950. Although most of the African countries have got their independence, but Western people still attract by the natural sources. The Western scientists hunt for fossils and find out many undiscovered kinds of plants and animals in African continent (Wright, 2008). b. The Effects of the Scramble

Western invasions to African continent generate profound ramifications for instance, many African die in war, poverty, deprivation and cultural bias.

Wright’s ―Scramble for Africa‖ in Microsoft Encarta depicts that the condition in Africa is absolutely different after World War I which most of the African countries are under European control. The western people command on African coasts. In the British context, Cecil Rhodes has spread his authorities from the Cape until Cairo. Western colonies in Africa give enormous advantages to their master for instance, gold in South Africa and overflowing harvest in East and West Africa. Huge invasions to Africa continent become greatest importance throughout Europe. The stories about Western competitions toward African continent are become headlines in Europe. Later, after the conquest is complete; Africa is absolutely disappeared in Western mind until the movement for African independence of the 1950s and 1960s. Wright also states that:

Effects of the European takeover on Africans are considerable. In the

short term, the Scramble obviously led to Africans’ loss of control of

their own affairs. But it also brought enormous hardship to most Africans. In addition to the deaths caused by the conquest itself, many Africans died as a result of disrupted lifestyles and movement of people

and animals among different disease environments. Africa’s population

did not begin to recover from the devastation caused by the Scramble and its aftermath until well into the 20th century. In the long term, the

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Scramble is part of a larger process of bringing non-Western peoples into the world economy—in most cases as exporters of agricultural products or minerals and importers of manufactured or processed goods. Colonial governments taxed their African subjects and used the revenues to

improve the colony’s infrastructure: building roads, bridges, and ports

that connected distant locales to the outside world. Meanwhile,

institutions to improve people’s lives, such as hospitals and schools,

appeared more slowly. Colonial rule also brought elements of Western culture—from the French and English languages and Western political models to Coca-Cola and automobiles. It is in reaction to European rule that Africans developed a sense of nationalism that would help them gain independence in the second half of the 20th century (Wright, 2008). By reading the quotation above, it can be concluded that colonialism brings the African people into huge troubles. Colonization in Africa generates great implications. The implications are in short term and long term. Short ramification refers to the victim of the imperial process in Africa such as many African die in war. Moreover, the African absolutely cannot manage their own land. In the long term, African cultures come to the extinct because the western people have spread their culture in Africa. European people also apply global trade in Africa continent which destroys African economy stability. African are not ready to enter the global trade. The readers can observe that the western always win in the competition because they have constituted all the things before the war begin. They do not need extra energies to re-dominate Africa territory.

2. Review on Social Condition in India after Independence

India is Britain’s colony. Britain has placed strong influences to the Indian people. The influences occur in all sectors. British reshape way of life in towns and cities and in the countryside. Moreover, British spread the technologies and administrative structures in order to reshape the Indian life. British

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dominations also occur on the economy sector. British introduce free trade which emphasizes the mass production and the mass consumption. The implication is on

the peasants’ life who forgotten by the government.

In this section, the writer employs Stanley Wolpert’s comprehensive explanations about the history of India. Wolpert’s in A New History of India portrays the condition of India after independence. Wolpert elaborates that on August 15, 1947 the Union of India become dominion within British Commonwealth. Nehru is emerged as prime minister and Lord Mountbatten. In the same times, Pakistan also designates Jinnah as governor and Liaquat Ali Khan as prime minister. The realization of independence of the India subcontinent brings acute problems resulting from partition. Muslims is a minority in India. On the other hand, Hindu is minority in Pakistan (Wolpert, 2009: 377).

As an independent country, India is forced to overcome all the problems such as economy, social, and politic. In economy sector, India is haunted by huge gap between rich and poor. The poverty rate increase significantly. Thus, poverty is the most critical and urgent problem in India after independence. Nehru as first prime minister must reduce the poverty rate in India. Nehru improves the national resources. Then, he creates national Planning Commission to manage country’s resources in 1948. Subsequently step from Nehru is Five Year Plan which brings a significant changing in annual production of goods and services from about eighteen to twenty billion dollars. Thus, after independence, Indian government has done massive alteration in politic and economy segment. To situating India in

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prosperous country, Indian government has to reform all sectors including social part (Wolpert, 2009: 377).

The transformations are also done in social sector. Milton W. Meyer in his book entitled South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent depicts the importance of the social revolution. He remarks that the planned of social revolution in India is as important as the political and economic changes. India employs strong rule for foreign regime that ever control stability and economy segment in Indian history. This strong rule aims to prevent the negative ramifications of the Western culture to the traditions in India. Western cultures tend to destroy the old traditions in India.

However, India uses caste system in determining the social stratification. At times, Nehru also makes significant transformation in caste system. The emergence of the constitution in 150 evokes the problems in the caste system in India. In this constitution, the Harijans are classified as an exterior caste, the untouchables. Nehru changes the rule as the realization of Untouchables Offenses Act in 1955. This act gives a significant changing for an exterior caste which can use wells and access to shops, restaurants, hotels and places of entertainment. Further reformations also occur in Hindus which are enacted of Hindu Marriage Act, Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, Hindu Succession Act, and Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act. The traditional privileges, differences, and distinctions based on custom and caste are removed. Marriage is recognized as contractual, and it is permitted between parties of differing castes. Divorces are sanctioned for women as well as for men (Meyer, 1976: 191-192).

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3. Review on Social Condition in England (1957-1960)

England is the most aggressive country in scrambling the resources in Asia and Africa. The writer provides the history of England from 1957 to 1960. The writer applies Jeremy Black’s explanations in order to get better understanding. Black’s A New History of England (Black, 2008: 223-225) contends that the loss of empire signs the political experience of England from outbreak of the First World War to the 1960s. The significant changing occurs in economic and social sector as the aftermath of the technological innovation and application. Transitions encompass the permanent damage of the environment which becomes a fundamental issue from 1960. More generally, the population rate in England decrease significantly because many soldiers die in First World War. Although England has a problem in population rate, England starts to move to industrial stage. It can be seen from the amount of population of rural England. Most of the British do not attract in the agriculture. In 1921-1939, the number of agricultural laborers fell by quarter, and the pace quickened after the Second World War. Horses are replaced by tractors, and local water-mills fell into disuse. The alteration also arises in music zone which attends the great musician such as Elgar and Vaughan Williams. The crafts movement develops from the 1900s, in large part as affirmation of vernacular culture that is worth defending. In fiction, there are ruralist writers, such as Henry Williamson. His work is Tarka the Otter (1927).

Andrew Jackson in his blog, Designing Britain 1947-1975 says that in 1950s can be considered a golden era for British culture. The transformation

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occurs in politic sector which the conservative system is replaced by democratic system. The Britain makes General Election in 1951. This election can be claimed as basic indicator to measure reformation in England. Britain is entering a period of increased affluence and freedom, and many of the old social and cultural structures begin to be challenged, particularly by the young. In addition, American ways of life have entered to the British public in the end 1950. American cultures and goods come to British. Jackson remarks how the American life styles influence the British society. He depicts that:

By the 1960s consumption have become less connected with utilitarian

needs, and more to do with and comfort. The era of the ―lifestyle‖ have begun, and specialist retailers began to spring up, providing outlets where people could buy into a new identity based around design or fashion. Manufactures are only happy to meet this demand, and ephemeral products, often reflecting an increasing interest in fashion and pop music began to be developed and sold.

The restoration also occurs in education sector. The state funded education system pushes children from working class families to study at college and university. Education is a best way to improve social status in British society. The emergence of new education system blurs social class viewing from high culture and mass culture. It is because through education, the working class can move to upper class. British society also begins to question old values. Many of cultural conventions that seem so enduring only twenty years earlier begin to crumble, and new cultural forms such as cinema and pop music begin to be treated with the same degree of seriousness as high culture. The rise of television, radio shows, satirical magazines and films are become main factors of rapid development in England.

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Appendix

SUMMARY OF MAGIC SEEDS

Magic Seeds (2004) is V.S Naipaul’s latest novel before he passed away. This novel tells the experiences of the major character, Willie, in three different geographical locations: Africa, India and England. Magic Seeds, begins when Willie, the main character, has travelled from India to become a student in London, and published a book of stories. Later on he marries a woman of mixed Portuguese and African ancestry and lives in her Portuguese African colony for 18 years. Willie does not have any job when he lived in Anna’s house. In Africa, Willie is always haunted by the superior of Anna. Anna has luxurious house, a lot of friends and big land. The lucky Willie also witnessed the guerilla war from his wife’s house. Willie does not want the superior Anna dominating his life. Later he decides to leave Africa to join his sister in Berlin. Willie's sister Sarojini, criticizes of his passivity and lack of commitment toward the guerilla war in Africa. Willie is supported to involve with revolution group in India. Finally, Willie agrees to go back to his ancestor’s land.

Willie goes to India in order to join the revolution group which has been discussed with his sister, Sarojini. Since Willie arrives in the airport, he is assaulted by the emergence of strange culture by which he never found before. He observes that the idea of father, ways of life and ways of thinking of the Indians have changed. Willie is also surprised when he sees the architecture of the Riviera

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Hotel where he spends couple of nights. The architecture of the Riviera Hotel is copied from foreign hotel. Willie does not like the architecture of the Riviera Hotel because it does not reveals the original culture of Indians. Willie says that it is only wish to be modern. Willie spends couple nights in Riviera hotel. Then, he moves to training camp where finds newcomer there. In the early days in the training camp, Willie observes the surrounding; the sentries, the leader and the rules. After Willie makes detail observations to the training camp, he begins worried. It is because he joins the wrong revolution group. Willie does not want to join the revolution group anymore. Although he does not attract to the revolution group anymore, he has to follow all the rules in the training camp. Willie ends his journey in India with the tragedy in which he is imprisoned. He spends six years in the prison where he knows well the cruelty, corruption, intimidation and so on. His sister, however, recruits Roger, an English lawyer and publisher who had known Willie during his student life to release Willie from the prison. After Willie free from the sentence, he moves to England.

Seemingly, England especially London impress Willie with luxurious accommodations, houses, architecture and the technology. In London, Willie tries to find out the proper job for him. He sends application letter to certain office in Bloomsbury. He is offered the luxurious facilities and the freedom from the company in which he can enjoy his life. Before he works on the company, Willie has to follow certain training in which he meets many people from various countries over the world. The habit of Willie to observe surrounding circumstances still works in the training center. He sees that those people always

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bring their own language, faith, culture and habit. Most of them are individualistic and they enjoy their life in London. The story ends with Willie reflecting on his life and on Britain's new multi-racial identity.

Diasporic movements of Willie: negotiating identity seen in The Postcolonial Perspectives In Naipaul`s Magic Seeds.

DIASPORIC MOVEMENTS OF WILLIE:

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY

SEEN IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES

IN NAIPAUL’S

MAGIC SEEDS

DIASPORIC MOVEMENTS OF WILLIE:

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY

SEEN IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES

IN NAIPAUL’S

MAGIC SEEDS

DIASPORIC MOVEMENTS OF WILLIE:

NEGOTIATING IDENTITY

SEEN IN THE POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVES

IN NAIPAUL’S

MAGIC SEEDS

Or how can you say to your brother, “brother, let me

remove the speck that is in your eye,’ when you yourself

do not see the plank that is in your own eye?

Hypocrite! First remove the plank from your own eye,

and then you will see clearly to remove the speck that is

in your brother’

s eye.

(Luke, 6: 42)

You can’t control others’ acts, but you can control your

reaction to their acts,

and that is what counts most to you.

(Napoleon Hill)

I dedicate this undergraduate thesis to:

My dear Jesus Christ and Holy Mother Mary

My beloved Mom

My wonderful Dad

My lovely sisters:

Ferty, Ivonn, Gin,

Ratna (RIP) and Era

My dearest brothers:

Arto, Visto, Arno,

A.

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