To give contribution linguistic. 1.5 Method of Study Gogirl August 2008 Gogirl September 2008

1.2 Scope of Study

In doing this study, it is limited only to discus use of code mixing only in Gogirl Magazine.

1.3 Purpose of Study

As a student, I write this paper to fulfill the requirements to get the Diploma Degree from the English Department of the Faculty of Letters, North Sumatera University.

1.4 Significance of Study

1. To add information to people who are interested in studying code-mixing.

2. To give contribution linguistic. 1.5 Method of Study

In writing this paper, I did a library research by finding the books which are relevant to the topic. I looked for the books which explain about code–mixing used on Gogirl Magazine. Beside that, I also researched some official websites for the adding source to make this paper be interesting to read. Universitas Sumatera Utara

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Some terms are used in this study and they need to be theoretically explained to avoid misconception.

2.1 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connection between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. It ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one another. Sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language. William Labov is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. He is especially noted for introducing quantitative study of language variation and mixing, making the sociology of language into a scientific discipline. Sociolinguistics is the study of language as it affects and is affected by social relations. Sociolinguistics encompasses a broad range of concerns, including bilingualism and pidgin languages, and other ways that language use is influenced by contact among people of different language communities e.g., speakers of German, French, Italian, and Romansh in Switzerland. Sociolinguistics also examine different dialects, accents, and levels of diction in light of social distinctions among people. Although accent refers strictly to Universitas Sumatera Utara pronunciation, in practice a dialect can usually be identified by the accent of its speakers as well as by distinctive words, usages, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical features. Dialects reflect and may reinforce class, ethnic, or regional differences among speakers of the same language. Sociolinguistics has become an increasingly important and popular field of study, as certain culture around the world expand their communication base and inter group and interpersonal relations take on escalating significance. The basic notion underlying sociolinguistics is quite simple: Language use symbolically represents fundamental dimensions of social behavior and human interaction. The notion is simple, but the way in which language reflects behavior can often be complex and subtle. Furthermore, the relationship between language and society affects a wide range of encounters from broadly based international relations to narrowly defined interpersonal relationship.

2.2 Bilingualism

Chaer and Agustina 1995:112 say that bilingualism is about the using of two languages of two codes. They conclude that the using of language of bilingual or multilingual man can be code-switching and code-mixing, if he speaks in bilingual or multilingual society. In bilingual or multilingual society where communication is done with two or more languages, the social phenomenon that became more complex, influences the form of the used of language. The languages spoken by the bilinguals naturally interfere with each other, producing deviation from their norm. Consequently, the bilinguals become a Universitas Sumatera Utara permanent source of linguistics interference and the class of languages in the same individual becomes linguistically intriguing. The result is an automatic modification and rearrangement in the patterns of phonology, morphology, syntax, and the lexicon of the many languages they speak. A speaker’s personality too becomes altered when he or she switches from one language to another and thus speaks two or more languages. Thus bilingualism reshapes not only one’s language but also one’s culture and personality. Consequently, a monolingual society may have difficulty in comprehending the subtleties of a bilingual society and vice versa. Beside serving some communicative functions, bilingual speakers may utilize code-mixing as a marker of ethnic or in-group identity in various intra group bilingual settings. A speaker may take every effort to code-mix by including a single utterance heshe knows from a language with which an in-group is normally associated, although heshe does not actually speak the language very much. Among sociolinguistic factors which are very influential in determining code selection in a lingual speaker’s speech repertoire are topics of conversation, role relationships of the participant and speech situation. Bernstein 1965:151 says that language is the set of rules to which all speech codes must comply, but which speech codes are generated is a function of the system of social relations. There have been some studies measuring the intelligence of monolinguals and bilinguals. Some of them have forced a correlation between intellectual inferiority and bilingualism and thus have concluded bilingualism to be harmful Universitas Sumatera Utara Eichorn and Jones 1952; Darcy 1953. According to the defenders of this view, given a choice one should avoid being a bilingual.

2.3 Code-Switching

Speakers of more than one language e.g., bilinguals are known for their ability to code-switch or mix their languages during communication. This phenomenon occurs when bilingual substitute a word or phrase from one language with a phrase or word from another language. Crystal 1987 suggests that code, or language, switching occurs when an individual who is bilingual alternates between two languages during hisher speech with another bilingual person. A person who is bilingual may be said to be one who is able to communicate, to varying extents, in a second language. This includes those who make irregular use of a second language, are able to use a second language but have not for some time dormant bilingualism or those who have considerable skill in a second language Crystal, 1987. Further, Cook 1991 put the extent of code switching in normal conversation amongst bilinguals into perspective by outlining that code switching consist of 85 single word switches, 10 phrase switches and 6 clause switches. Haugen 1973:521 says that code-switching is the alternate use of two languages including everything from the introduction of a single, unassimilated word up to a complete sentence or more into the context of another language. There are a number of possible reason for the switching from one language to another and these will now be considered, as presented by Crystal 1987. Universitas Sumatera Utara a A speaker may not be able to express himherself in one language so switches to the other to compensate for the deficiency. b Switching commonly occurs when an individual wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group. c The alteration that occurs when the speaker wishes to convey hisher attitude to the listener. Where monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by means of variation in the level of formality in their speech, bilingual speakers can convey the same by code switching. Crystal 1987 suggests that where two bilingual speakers are accustomed to conversing in a particular language, switching to the other is bound to create a special effect. These notions suggest that code-switching may be used as a socio-linguistic tool by bilingual speakers.

2.4 Linguistics Language Components

Language consist of two parts; spoken language and written language. Language is supported of some components. They are phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases, sentence, paragraphs and texts discourse.

2.4.1 Words

Word is a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of language Hornby, 1974:1374. Words or morphemes are the smallest code units in language, they are not the smallest units of meaning Givon, 1984:44 The term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of Universitas Sumatera Utara semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of. By definition, a morpheme can not be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular or plural number in the noun. Morpheme consist of two part. They are free morphemes words and bound morphemes s, s, er, ed, etc. Word free morpheme can be seen as a representation of a lexeme vocabulary items that are listed in the dictionary that is associated with certain morpho-syntactic properties such as noun, adjective, verb, tense, gender, number, etc. Rather, people may use the term word to refer to a particular physical realization of lexeme in speech or writing, a particular word-form Katamba, 1993:19.

2.4.2 Phrases

Hornby 1884:868 says that phrase is a group of words without verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence. Example: the green car, at half past six. A group of words forming a short expression, especially an idiom or a cleaver, striking way of saying something can be called as phrase. Kinds of Phrase 1 Noun Phrase The most meaningful part of a noun phrase is the noun. It is the obligatory constituent and is the HEAD of noun phrase. Example: Universitas Sumatera Utara  That woman, my bag, this girls shoes. 2 Verb Phrase Verb phrase can consist of a verb V + a Noun Phrase NP. Example:  Hugged the baby, found a bone. 3 Adjective Phrase An adjective phrase is a constituent of a sentence both at word level and at phrase level where it becomes an adjective phrase AP. An adjective phrase, like all other phrases, can consist of one or more than one word. Example:  Thin woman, the ferocious fat black dog. 4 Adverb Phrase Adverb phrase can be formed by one or more constituents. Example:  Jimmy snores loudly  Jimmy snores . Loudly is the Adverb phrase. very loudly. An adverb phrase then consist of an adverb preceded optionally by degree adverb e.g. quite, very, too, more, less. Adverb phrase are, very versatile. They not only modify verbs, but adjective and whole sentence too. 5 Preposition Phrase Very loudly is the Adv P. Preposition phrase consist of a preposition followed by a noun phrase. A preposition phrase function as an adverb, adjective, or noun. Noun Universitas Sumatera Utara combination constitutes a prepositional phrase. The preposition is an integral part of the prepositional phrase. Example:  He walked  into the house. Because of his aggressiveness

2.4.3 Sentence

A sentence has to part: a subject and predicate. The subject includes the noun or pronoun that tell what the subject is about. The predicate includes the verb that describe what the subject is doing. Therefore, a sentence is a group of word with to main parts: A subject areas and predicate area. Together the subject and predicate express thought. Being able to recognize the subject and the verb in sentence it will health in making sentences using subject and predicate. MsClelland 2003:16 says that a sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The first word of the sentence is capitalized to indicated the beginning of the thought. A period, a question mark, or exclamation point is placed after the last word to indicate the end of the thought. Sentence are generally classified in two ways, one by types and one by the number of formal predications. , the new student could not make many friends. Universitas Sumatera Utara Classification sentence by types 1 Declaration Sentence Statements In this sentence, the subject and predicate have normal word order. The sentence ends with a period in writing and a drop in pitch in speech. Example:  The child ate his dinner. 2 Interrogative Sentence Questions In an interrogative sentence the subject and auxiliary are reversed and ends with a question mark in writing. In the spoken language, most yes-no question end with a rise in pitch; most interrogative word question end with a fall in pitch. Example:  Did the child eat his dinner? 3 Imperative Sentence Commands, Requests In an imperative sentence, only the predicate is expressed. It ends with a period in writing and drop in pitch in speech. Example:  Eat your dinner 4 Exclamatory Sentence Exclamations Such sentence begin with an exclamatory phrase consisting of what or how plus a part of the predicate. In writing, the exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark or exclamation point. Example: What a good dinner that was? Universitas Sumatera Utara Classification sentence by number of formal predications 1 Simple Sentence Maclin 1981:303 explains that a simple sentence has one independent clause one subject verb combination. So a simple sentence has a subject and at least a finite verb; a subject and a finite verb are the two minimum requirements for a simple one. Example:  The man stole the jewelry. 2 Compound Sentence Maclin 1981:304 explains that a compound sentence has two or more independent clauses without any dependent or subordinate clauses. Example:  The man stole the jewelry and he hid it in his home. 3 Complex Sentences Maclin 1981:304 explains that a complex sentence has one independent clause main clause and one or more dependent clauses subordinate clause. Example:  The man who stole the jewelry hid it in his home. 4 Compound-complex Sentences Maclin 1981:304 explains that a compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Example:  The man stole the jewelry and he did it in his home until he could safely get out of town. Universitas Sumatera Utara

3. METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

This research was conducted by using descriptive quantitative design. Descriptive quantitative design does not intend to find a new theory but to find new evidence to prove the truth of the theory. According to Nazir 1988:34 descriptive quantitative is one, which uses to make descriptive of situation, even or accumulate the basic data.

3.2 Population and Sample

The writer in this case took the articled in Gogirl Magazine as the population. The Gogirl Magazine from August until May 2009 were chosen as the population of the study. And the sample was taken randomly to make representative of the population. Here are the Gogirl Magazine used as the sample. a Gogirl August 2008 b Gogirl September 2008 c Gogirl December 2008 d Gogirl March 2009 e Gogirl May 2009

3.3 The Technique for Collecting the Data

The Data are Gathered from doing observation. According to Hornby 2000:805, observation is the act of watching something somebody carefully for Universitas Sumatera Utara period of time. For this research, I read the articles of Gogirl Magazine and writes down the use code-mixing on a peach of paper.

3.4 The Data

Based on the data, actually were found many utterances of code mixing. But because of the purpose of this study was to find the most frequent linguistic components so the utterances that got the repetition were not accounted. So the data that used in this study only five magazine. The data were labeled with: 1 Gogirl August 2008, 2 Gogirl September 2008, 3 Gogirl December 2008, 4 Gogirl March 2009, 5 Gogirl May 2009. Some of data can be shown as follows:

1. Gogirl August 2008

 Mesti di akui keadaan Indonesia ini biasa dikatakan heaven and hell.  Niatmu mencari dan PDKT selalu keduluan urusan-urusan lain yang lebih kamu prioritaskan, kayak sekolah, friendship, atau after school activities.  Kamu Kelamaan single karena over confidence alias kepedean. Kamu flirting berlebihan, arahnya juga random ke banyak cowok.  Everyone experience failure. Gagal meraih juara, gagal ngedapetin nilai yang bagus, atau sekedar gagal pacaran alias putus.  Tapi jangan terlalu lama tenggelam dalam masa berkabung. Focus on what you and after you failed, not on the failure.  Tempat baru pasti berisi orang-orang dan budaya yang beda di sekolahmu dulu. Di tempat baru ini kamu punya banyak kesempatan luas to be a better person. Universitas Sumatera Utara  Make a good impression di setiap perkenalan. Setiap orang punya cara terbaik lho untuk di approach.  Hidup terlalu singkat untuk naksir satu cowok selama bertahun tahun tanpa berusaha apapun. Its time to make a move Make some effort.  Ngomong, ngomong, udah kenalan belum sama cowok incaran kamu? Kalau udah, that’s a good start, tapi kalau belum, tunggu apa lagi?.  Tapi apapun kelebihan kamu, make him see it Misalnya kamu pancing dia untuk menceritakan sesuatu dimana kamu bisa pamer kelebihan ‘a good listener’.

2. Gogirl September 2008

 Congrats you are totally over him karena memang kamu sudah moving on with your life.  Melupakan mantan memang sulit, apalagi kemarin itu you really felt you’re in love.  Lama-lama hidup jadi enggak balance dan akhirnya bisa bikin kita ngerasa sedih sampai frustasi. So, are you ready to make some priorities?.  Bikin daftar hal-hal penting dalam hidup kamu, dari mulai yang paling penting sampai the last important one.  Bergadang ngerjain tugas, nggak worth it kalau harus ditukar dengan bed rest seminggu gara-gara kecapekan.  Nobody and nothing’s perfect, termasuk pacar atau cowok yang lagi kita incer sekarang. Universitas Sumatera Utara  Tapi disisi lain ada rasa kawatir, takut enggak bisa blend-in di tengah pergaulannya.  Bigger is better Jadi jangan ragu ambil kesempatan lebih besar lagi dalam hidupmu.  This is your lucky mount ada banyak peluang dan kesempatan baru yang akan kamu temukan.  Kalau plak di gigi sudah menumpuk dan berwarna kuning kecoklatan, time to visit your dentist untuk pembersihan.

3. Gogirl December 2008