a A speaker may not be able to express himherself in one language so switches to the other to compensate for the deficiency.
b Switching commonly occurs when an individual wishes to express solidarity with a particular social group.
c The alteration that occurs when the speaker wishes to convey hisher attitude to the listener. Where monolingual speakers can communicate these attitudes by
means of variation in the level of formality in their speech, bilingual speakers can convey the same by code switching. Crystal 1987 suggests that where
two bilingual speakers are accustomed to conversing in a particular language, switching to the other is bound to create a special effect. These notions
suggest that code-switching may be used as a socio-linguistic tool by bilingual speakers.
2.4 Linguistics Language Components
Language consist of two parts; spoken language and written language. Language is supported of some components. They are phonemes, morphemes,
words, phrases, sentence, paragraphs and texts discourse.
2.4.1 Words
Word is a sound or group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of language Hornby, 1974:1374.
Words or morphemes are the smallest code units in language, they are not the smallest units of meaning Givon, 1984:44
The term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of
Universitas Sumatera Utara
semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up of. By definition, a morpheme can not be decomposed into smaller units which are
either meaningful by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular or plural number in the noun.
Morpheme consist of two part. They are free morphemes words and bound morphemes s, s, er, ed, etc. Word free morpheme can be seen as
a representation of a lexeme vocabulary items that are listed in the dictionary that is associated with certain morpho-syntactic properties such
as noun, adjective, verb, tense, gender, number, etc. Rather, people may use the term word to refer to a particular physical
realization of lexeme in speech or writing, a particular word-form Katamba, 1993:19.
2.4.2 Phrases
Hornby 1884:868 says that phrase is a group of words without verb, especially one that forms part of a sentence. Example: the green car, at half
past six. A group of words forming a short expression, especially an idiom or a cleaver, striking way of saying something can be called as phrase.
Kinds of Phrase 1 Noun Phrase
The most meaningful part of a noun phrase is the noun. It is the obligatory constituent and is the HEAD of noun phrase.
Example:
Universitas Sumatera Utara
That woman, my bag, this girls shoes.
2 Verb Phrase
Verb phrase can consist of a verb V + a Noun Phrase NP. Example:
Hugged the baby, found a bone.
3 Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a constituent of a sentence both at word level and at phrase level where it becomes an adjective phrase AP. An adjective
phrase, like all other phrases, can consist of one or more than one word. Example:
Thin woman, the ferocious fat black dog.
4 Adverb Phrase
Adverb phrase can be formed by one or more constituents. Example:
Jimmy snores loudly
Jimmy snores
. Loudly is the Adverb phrase. very loudly.
An adverb phrase then consist of an adverb preceded optionally by degree adverb e.g. quite, very, too, more, less. Adverb phrase are, very
versatile. They not only modify verbs, but adjective and whole sentence too.
5 Preposition Phrase
Very loudly is the Adv P.
Preposition phrase consist of a preposition followed by a noun phrase. A preposition phrase function as an adverb, adjective, or noun. Noun
Universitas Sumatera Utara
combination constitutes a prepositional phrase. The preposition is an integral part of the prepositional phrase.
Example:
He walked
into the house. Because of his aggressiveness
2.4.3 Sentence
