them were, at least, in the sixth semester in 20082009 academic year. Assumedly, all of them had taken Structure V class, the last Structure class offered in the study
program. As they had taken all Structure classes, they were expected to have sufficient knowledge of English sentence structure. Hence, as teacher candidates,
they were required to apply what they had already learned in prior classes and were expected to be as good as possible at English sentence production, both in
speaking and in writing. The sentence production emphasized in this study was those of speaking.
C. Research Instruments
In order to obtain dependable data to answer the research questions, the writer made use of two different types of research instruments.
1. Documents
In a qualitative study, written documents may also be useful to gain an understanding of the phenomenon which is being investigated Ary et al., 2002:
435. In this research, the type of documents used was the transcriptions of video recording of the students’ performance while carrying out their teaching practice
in the Microteaching laboratory. Those documents became the data to answer the first research question. In Microteaching class, every student is required to teach
their friends who pretend to be high school students. In each meeting, there are five up to six students conducting the teaching practice. Every performance is
recorded so both the lecturer and the students are able to review the performance.
Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005: 29 points out that recorded data should be transcribed before they are analyzed. Thus, after obtaining the video recordings,
the writer transcribed the performance of each participant, of which duration is more or less 30 minutes, into written forms. From those transcriptions, the writer
found the errors in forming English questions that the participants made while they were carrying out the teaching practice.
2. Interview
The instrument which was applied to answer the second research question and to help the writer propose possible recommendations was interview.
Interviews are used to gather data on subjects’ opinions, beliefs, and feelings about the situation in their own words Ary et al., 2002: 434. Thus, the use of
interview in this study was to discover the causes why the participants made errors in forming grammatically correct English questions, and to ask them about
possible solutions they may offer. Besides accommodating the causes for errors based on the participants’ personal feeling or attitude, such as dislike and
carelessness, the writer also put emphasis on the causes for errors which are related to the teaching and learning process that the students have experienced.
The type of interview used in this study was semi-structured interview. In a semi structured interview, although the framework has been clearly prepared, it permits
the interviewer to change the order of the questions McDonough and McDonough, 1997: 183.
3. The Researcher as Research Instrument
