25
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology as a means to answer the research questions, which covers research method, research participants, research
instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
The basic principle underlying this study was qualitative method, which does not deal with numerical data Brown and Rodgers, 2002: 12. According to
Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002: 25, qualitative research aims to get a holistic depiction and in-depth understanding, rather than to obtain numerical analysis of
data. In particular, this research was a document analysis. Ary et al. 2002: 27 state that the focuses of document analysis are the analysis and the interpretation
of recorded materials. The documents which were analyzed in this study were the transcripts of the video recordings of the participants’ teaching performances. As
a qualitative one, this research spotted the types of error and the reasons causing the errors, rather than the number of errors that the participants made.
B. Research Participants
The participants of this research were 40 students from four different Microteaching classes of ELESP Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta. Most of
them were, at least, in the sixth semester in 20082009 academic year. Assumedly, all of them had taken Structure V class, the last Structure class offered in the study
program. As they had taken all Structure classes, they were expected to have sufficient knowledge of English sentence structure. Hence, as teacher candidates,
they were required to apply what they had already learned in prior classes and were expected to be as good as possible at English sentence production, both in
speaking and in writing. The sentence production emphasized in this study was those of speaking.
C. Research Instruments
In order to obtain dependable data to answer the research questions, the writer made use of two different types of research instruments.
1. Documents
In a qualitative study, written documents may also be useful to gain an understanding of the phenomenon which is being investigated Ary et al., 2002:
435. In this research, the type of documents used was the transcriptions of video recording of the students’ performance while carrying out their teaching practice
in the Microteaching laboratory. Those documents became the data to answer the first research question. In Microteaching class, every student is required to teach
their friends who pretend to be high school students. In each meeting, there are five up to six students conducting the teaching practice. Every performance is
recorded so both the lecturer and the students are able to review the performance.
Ellis and Barkhuizen 2005: 29 points out that recorded data should be transcribed before they are analyzed. Thus, after obtaining the video recordings,
the writer transcribed the performance of each participant, of which duration is more or less 30 minutes, into written forms. From those transcriptions, the writer
found the errors in forming English questions that the participants made while they were carrying out the teaching practice.
2. Interview
The instrument which was applied to answer the second research question and to help the writer propose possible recommendations was interview.
Interviews are used to gather data on subjects’ opinions, beliefs, and feelings about the situation in their own words Ary et al., 2002: 434. Thus, the use of
interview in this study was to discover the causes why the participants made errors in forming grammatically correct English questions, and to ask them about
possible solutions they may offer. Besides accommodating the causes for errors based on the participants’ personal feeling or attitude, such as dislike and
carelessness, the writer also put emphasis on the causes for errors which are related to the teaching and learning process that the students have experienced.
The type of interview used in this study was semi-structured interview. In a semi structured interview, although the framework has been clearly prepared, it permits
the interviewer to change the order of the questions McDonough and McDonough, 1997: 183.
3. The Researcher as Research Instrument
According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh 2003, researcher as research instrument means that the researcher is the key in obtaining data from the
respondents. Furthermore, the researcher facilitates interaction with the respondents so that they can share data regarding to their experiences. In this
study, the writer as the researcher became the one who obtained the data, which were subsequently interpreted into meaningful information.
D. Data Gathering Technique
To answer the first research question, the writer gathered the data from the students of Microteaching class, a subject offered in the even semester of the
20082009 academic year. The writer collected the data by transcribing their recorded performance while doing their teaching practice.
As an attempt to answer the second research question, the writer conducted an interview to discover the causes for the errors that the participants encountered
in forming English questions. To answer the third question, which is to give possible recommendations to improve the production of grammatical English
question forms, the writer made use of the data from the interview as well as supporting references and theories.
E. Data Analysis Technique
Kategori