class had and who had levels of livings and education. They were usually recent migrants who were come from rural areas to the city.
The popular employment for the lower working class was domestic service. Domestic service was hard work at low pay with limited personal independence. For
the full-time general maid in a lower-middle class family, there was an unending routine of babysitting, shopping, cooking and cleaning Hill 852-854. Domestic
servants worked seven days a week, twelve hours at least each day because they were expected to work hard to support themselves Landow 1.
2.3.3. Materialism
The economic life changed constantly and rapidly since Industrial Revolution in 1760. It did not only bring the advantages, but also the disadvantages to England
society. Generally, the disadvantages were recent arrivals from agricultural area where they had driven off the land. They kept trying to be able to support their living
even though they had to be servants and laborers in factories, workshops, mines and miles. Unfortunately, since human laborers were replaced with machines, their lives
were become more depressing because they lost their job and income which supported their lives. Only the upper and middle classes had benefited material
wealth. It means that the sense of prosperity was not shared by all the people. This inequality was very apparent in London. The upper class wanted to gain
money in order to be richer. By having a lot of money, they would be more respected
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by other people, especially people who had lower status. The high class people satisfied with their position while the working class merely wanted to gain money in
order to improve and support their financial life. This condition also influenced upon the society’s view toward the reasons of marriage. Their view of the reasons of
marriage mostly based on the economical factors and it based on the most profitable one. In England, this opinion is supported by the paternalism system in their society.
It is so, because there is a rule that any property that a woman possess before her marriage automatically become her husband’s unless it was settle on her. There were
many unhappy women lost all what they have because of this rule of marriage, and when their property and money were gone, their husband would leave them.
2.4. Theoretical Framework
This study is conducted to find the answers of the problems stated in the problem formulation. I use some theories to answer those problems. For the first problem, I
use the theories of character and characterization. The theory proposed by Abrams helps the writer to understand the meaning of character. The types of character stated
by Foster, Milligan, Holman and Harmon help to classify the character that will be discussed in this study. The theory of characterization by Holman and Harmon gives
the definition of characterization and three fundamental method of characterization. Then, Murphy’s theory is used to find out about the characterization. It is necessary
to apply the theories to know what kind of characteristics Elizabeth Bennet has.
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Since this study deals with the social and culture literary work, I apply the theory of Socio-cultural approach from Mary Rorhberger and Samuel H. Wood. The theory
would help me understand the social life and culture of the main character. Beside those theories, the writer also uses some information about marriage life
in the early nineteenth century of England. It examines the status of women and the social class condition in England in the early nineteenth century. It can help me to
understand the society condition and women’s position in that time, and understand how the writer of the novel criticizes the marriage motivation in the early nineteenth
century England
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three main parts namely, Object of the Study, Approach of the Study and Method of the Study. Object of the Study concerns with
the object or data of the study in the literary work that I analyzed. Approach of the study contains the approach used in analyzing the work. Method of the Study
describes the way or the procedure taken in analyzing the work.
3.1. Object of the Study
The title of the novel analyzed in this study is Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Jane Austen began to write the novel which original title was First
Impression in October of 1796 and finished it by August of the following year; she was then twenty-one years old. Her father submitted it to a London publisher the
following year, but the publisher rejected it without ever having seen the manuscript. It was accepted for publication and was presented to the world on 28 January 1813
during the Regency period. It was published by T. Egerton and Whitehall. After her success with Sense and Sensibility in 1811, Jane Austen began to rewrite Pride and
Prejudice, which is recognized as her greatest achievement; it was quickly reprinted in that time. Pride and Prejudice has always been Austen’s most popular novel and
perhaps her greatest novel since its publication in 1813. In 2003 the BBC conducted
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the largest ever poll for the UKs Best-Loved Book in which Pride and Prejudice came second, behind The Lord of the Rings
.
In popular culture, Pride and Prejudice has been adapted in a great number of film and television series, varying greatly in its
faithfulness to the original. This is the story of sparkling, irrepressible heroine, Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, a very rich and seemingly rude man. Pride and
Prejudice is a novel about how a man changes his manners and a woman changes her mind.
3.2. Approach of the Study
A certain approach is needed to analyze a work because the way we use to view the work is based on the approach. In her book Approach to Literature, Barbara
Garlick says “there is no studying a subject without having an approach to it” 1-7. I decide to employ the Socio-cultural approach in analyzing the novel in this
study because the approach puts the work of literature as the product of civilization. This approach helps me to understand the social life and culture of the character,
specially the main character Elizabeth Bennet, who becomes the focus of this study also the society situation in the Regency period of England.
The Socio-cultural approach is important because some novels will lose their value if the readers do not know and understand the society and culture background
of the novel. It means, to analyze and criticize the characters’ marriage motivations in Pride and Prejudice, one must has good understanding about the society of the early
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nineteenth century England and culture of English marriage in the early nineteenth century.
3.3. Method of the Study
This study uses library research as a method in gathering the data. Since it conducts a library research, I use some sources to support her analysis. The writer
uses Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice as the primary source. Beside Pride and Prejudice, the writer also uses some books such as Reading and Writing about
Literature by Rohrberger and Woods, M.J Murphy’s book about how an author reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the readers and internet access as the
secondary source. This study also concerns about the steps that I took in doing the analysis, so that
I am able to obtain the solution for the problems formulated in this study. There were some steps that I had done. First, I started to read Pride and Prejudice, as the primary
source in this study, for several times in order to have good understanding of the content of the novel, and to focus on the problems that I would analyze in this study.
Second, I made a summary and took some notes of the points, such as the comments from the author and from the other characters, which had relationship with the
formulated problems. Third, I read other references such as the books that already have mentioned above and some books that were found in the library. I also did
computerized search through the Internet. Fourth, I examined the characteristics of
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characters’ marriage motivation to find the marriage motivation in Pride and Prejudice. I looked closely at the characters’ marriage motivation, first, through Jane
Austen’s personal descriptions that describe her character in the novel. Second, through the conversations with others, because those can give the readers clues to a
character’s thought and others’ opinion about the character. Third is through the direct reaction of what a person is thinking about. Forth is through the author’s direct
comment on the characters. Fifth is through the thought, because what a character feels and thinks reflect on his or her characters. Sixth is through mannerisms that may
also tell us about the characters. And the last, I revealed Jane Austen’s view on marriage motivation in the early nineteenth century England through Elizabeth
Bennet in Pride and Prejudice.
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