Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and by what they do-the action 20. E.M Foster in his Aspect of the Novel 1974 classifies the character into two kinds: flat and round characters. A Flat character is the character which is simple and does not change or in other words they always stay the same. It means that they always behave and talk in the same way, so it makes the character become easily predicted. On the other hand, a round character is the one who can make the readers surprised because of his or her action. This is very complex character because they often change. According to Ian Milligan in The Novel in English, there are two kinds of characters based on their role in a story, namely as Major and Minor characters 155. The major character is the character who becomes the focus in the story from the beginning until the end, and it plays the important role in clarifying the theme of the story. In other word, if we understand the major character of the story, we also understand the theme of the story. The minor characters are those who appear in a certain setting and just necessarily become the background of the major characters. In other word, their role in the story is less important than the major character is. Holman and Harmon in their A Handbook to Literature classified characters into Static and Dynamic characters. A static character is one who changes little or does not change at all. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing the character changing in response to the actions. A dynamic character is one who 8 very often changes or is modified by actions and experiences and one objective of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions 83.

2.1.2. Theories of Characterization

Holman and Harmon in their A Handbook to Literature define characterization as “The creation of imaginary person. Even though they are created imaginatively, they are seen to be real and exist for the readers or audience as lifelike 81.” There are three fundamental methods of characterization in fiction. First, the explicit presentation of the character by the author through direct exposition illustrated by the action. Second, the presentation of the character in action of the expectation that the reader will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions. The last is the representation from within a character of the impact of the actions and emotions on the character’s inner beauty, with the expectation that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character M.J Murphy distinguishes nine ways of how an author reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the readers 161–173. First is Personal Description. In the personal description, the author can describe a person’s appearance, such as face, body and clothes. It is very important because it gives clues to the character. Second, Character as seen by another . In this case, the author can describe the character 9