through the eyes and opinion of another. Third is Speech where the author can give some clues to the character through what a person says when he or she speaks in a
conversation or puts forward an opinion. Forth, Past life. The author can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character by letting the
reader learn about that person’s past life. The fifth is Conversation with others. The author can give the reader clues to a person‘s character through the conversation of
other people and the things they say about him or her. Sixth is Reaction. In this case, the author gives us a clue to a person’s character by permitting us know how that
person reacts to various situation and events. Next is Thoughts. The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about because what is in the
person’s mind and what he or she feels are reflected on his or her character. Then, Direct comment
. The author can give comment on a person’s character directly. The last is Mannerism. The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or
peculiarities that may also tell you about his or her character.
2.1.3. Critical Approaches
Rohrberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature mention five kinds of critical approach 1–15. They are the Formalist approach, the
Biographical approach, the Socio-cultural- historical approach, the Mythopoeic approach, and the Psychological approach.
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Critics who use The Formalist approach concentrate on the whole of the literary works because each of the esthetic part contributes a harmony to the complete
work as a whole. Critics, who use The Biographical approach to judge literary work need to understand the important knowledge of the author’s personal life. A better
understanding could be facilitated by some useful information taken from the biography of the writer and the biographical provision itself. To understand The
Socio-cultural- historical approach we need some assertions as references such as
socio, cultural and historical background. According to Rohrberger and Woods, those assertions are based on; firstly, literature is not created in a vacuum, secondly,
literature form significant ideas to the culture that produced it. Critics, who use the Mythopoeic approach
to judge literary works, attempt to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to
certain community mind. The Psychological approach involves various theories of psychology to explain the characters’ personality in a story. Each character’s
behavior could be referred to the psychology of human being. Each approach which is described above has its values and limitations. The
important task that has to the readers and the analyst done is to choose the best approach or approaches that suit for their appreciation on a certain piece of literature.
In this study, the writer employs the socio-cultural approach to judge the novel by Jane Austen.
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