NON LITERAL MEANING IN EDGAR ALLAN POE SELECTED POEMS.
NON LITERAL MEANING IN EDGAR ALLAN POE SELECTED POEMS
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Department of UNIMED Medan In Partial of Fulfillment of the Requirement for
The Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
OKKY AGASTYA
Registration Number 2101220010
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
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DECLARATION
Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has been expressed in my own words and has not been submitted for assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise for plagiarism.
Medan, Maret 2015
Okky Agastya 2101220010
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ABSTRACT
Okky Agastya. 2015. Non Literal Meaning in Edgar Allan Poe Selected Poems. A Research Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
This research is focused on non literal meaning used in Edgar allan Poe Selected Poems : Annabel Lee, The Raven, Alone, A Dream Within a Dream and A Valentine. The research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The data was collected from every poems of Edgar Allan Poe. The findings of the research show that there are 76 lines of non literal meanings which classified into seven types non literal meaning. They are Metaphor (42), Hyperbole (15), Metonymy (12), Synecdoche (7), and there is no Litotes (0) and Irony (0). The most dominant type of non literal meaning that used in selected poems is Metaphor with 55,3%. It means that most of Edgar Allan Poe Works is fulfilled of the beautiful word that created by comparing two unrelated things that make a new word. Sometimes that new word is hard to findings the real meaning because it can be interpreted differently according the imagination of each people.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All the praise to ALLAH SWT for the blessing, mercy, and guidance in giving the writer full strength and patience to complete this research. This research is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan.
In accomplishing this research, the writer has been helped by a lot of beloved people especially for the loyal supporters. Therefore, the writer would like to express his sincere and greatest gratitude to :
Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., the Rector of State University of Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, Dra. Meisuri, M.A., Secretary of English Department,
Dr. Rahmah, M.Hum., the Head of English Literature Program and as his examiner.
Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed., the Head of English Education Program.
Dra. Sri Juriati Ownie, M.A. and Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum, his Thesis Advisor.
Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D., as his Academic Advisor.
All beloved lectures in English and Literature Department who advised and guided the writer during academic years.
Mam Eis for her kind help in providing academic administrations to the writer.
The best family of writer, his beloved Mother and Father, Dra. Trisni Andayani M.Si, Drs. Sihar Pandapotan Hutabarat M.Si, and his
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brothers Donny Yudhistira Hutabarat, Youngky Yogaswara Hutabarat, Jeffry Stanzah Hutabarat, for their endless love, support, encouragement, motivation, prayers, and laughter shared during the writer’s life. He loves them so much. Also his great family for the support during the completion of this research.
The writer’s best colleagues : Dwi Astarini, Adrian Rasyki, Luthfi Hidayat, Audra Febria Tistawan, Boediman Sihotang, Eko If Fery for the friendship, love, helps, laugh and tears, and for all the sweet and happy memories shared. And all the of ELITE (English Literature) A and B 2010 : David, Fatur, Afdi, Leo, Jaka, Johanri, Pulungan, Hatoropan, Quin for all togetherness in fun, gaming and unforgotten memories.
All students of English Department in Applied Linguistics A and B Reg’10, that could not be mentioned one by one. Thanks for their support, info, assistance, and best moment ever during the academic years.
All friends of high school for the support and cares.
Everyone who has been involved directly and indirectly in the writing of this research that cannot be mentioned one by one, and thanks for all the memories that the writer got during his study at his beloved campus. Thank you very much. May Allah bless us all. Amin.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this research could not complete, may all the assistance can be their charity.
Medan, Maret 2015 The writer,
Okky Agastya
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv
LIST OF TABLES ... vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. The Background of The Study ... 1
B. The Problem of The Study ... 4
C. The Objective of The Study ... 4
D. The Scope of The Study ... 5
E. The Significance of The Study ... 5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 6
A.Semantics ... 6
B.Word Meaning and Sentence Meaning ... 8
C.Literal and Non Literal Meaning ... 9
D.Types of Non – Literal Meaning ... 12
E. Literature ... 16
F. Poem ... 18
G.Edgar Allan Poe ... 19
H.Conceptual Framework ... 21
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 22
A.Research Design ... 22
B.Subject of The Study ... 22
C.The Technique of Collecting Data ... 22
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CHAPTER IV : DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ... 24
A.The Data ... 24
B.The Data Analysis ... 24
1. The Raven ... 25
2. Annabel Lee ... 28
3. A Dream Within A Dream ... 31
4. Alone ... 33
5. A Valentine ... 36
C.Research Findings ... 38
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 39
A. Conclusion ... 39
B. Suggestion ... 40
REFERENCES ... 41
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 The Percentages of the Types of Non Literal Meaning ... 24
Table 4.2 Non Literal Meaning in The Raven ... 25
Table 4.3 Non Literal Meaning in Annabel Lee ... 28
Table 4.4 Non Literal Meaning in A Dream Within A Dream ... 31
Table 4.5 Non Literal Meaning in Alone ... 34
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LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1 The analysis of the Types of Non Literal Meaning in Edgar Allan Poe Selected Poems ... 43 APPENDIX 2 The Poems ... 47
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
Every part of human`s lives is filled by language. Language is an instrument for conveying meaning and communicating some ideas. According to Halliday (1985) “Language is the study of how people exchange meaning through the use of language. As a communication tool that is used daily by humans, sometimes speakers use indirect language in conversation and some are using the language directly. Language can’t be separated from the human life to express thoughts, feeling, desires and intention both in spoken and written way. Spoken is a way to expressing the ideas and feelings or giving information orally. Written is done in writing activity, people may use it in article, short story, novel, newspaper, poetry, and etc. the word meaning commonly found in spoken or written language. The use of language, language functions and language structures discussed in the study of linguistics. Linguistics is the study of the nature and the structure of language. this studies aim to describe a language as it exists at a given time. Linguistics has an important role to components of language include sound, the arrangement of words. There are four branches of linguistics study. They are phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
Thomason (1996) State that semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language.
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Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics.
Based on the definitions of Semantics, it could be concluded that Semantics is a branch of linguistic which studies about the meaning of words, phrases, sentences of sign or symbols that have meaning, relation between, and its influence to human relationship in society, which is built by communication.
The phenomenal of semantics can be easily find in spoken or written language. Conversation is one of the example of spoken language and Poems is one of example of written language. The poem usually has many an implicit meaning that we cannot understand if we do not understand about semantics, especially about literal and non literal meaning. According to Saeed (2004) Non literal uses of language are traditionally called figurative and are described by a host of rhetorical terms including metaphor, irony, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litotes. Non-literal meaning always has hidden meaning besides the lexical meaning of the sentence or the word; when a speaker or writer means something different from the lexical meaning of the word or the sentence. And the poem is one example of literature.
According to Meyer (1997:1), literature is a term used to describe written text marked by careful use of language, including features such as creative metaphors, well-turned phrases, elegant syntax, rhyme, alliteration, which are aesthetically read or intended by the author to be aesthetically read and are deliberately somewhat open in interpretation. In other words, literature is writing which expresses and communicates though feeling and attitude toward life.
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In every language that people produce, there always have a meaning whether it is literal meaning or non-literal meaning. It is important to understand and distinguish literal and non-literal meaning because it may help people to avoid misunderstanding in daily conversation. People with no understanding about non-literal meaning may have difficulty when we talk with people who talk using a figure of speech.
This research is inspired by the previous research conducted by Simanjuntak which analyzed Analysis Non-Literal Meaning in Emily Dickinson’s Poems (2011), he found there were 10 personifications, 5 hyperboles, 3 oxymorons, 2 metaphors, 2 synecdoches, 1 simile and 1 euphimism in Dickinson selected poems.
Another work about figurative language or non literal meaning was conducted by Dinata (2013). The study was about figurative language in song lyrics by Saosin Band, Nelly Furtado and Bruno Mars. He focused the study on finding the figurative language used in each song from the three singers. He found that the most dominant type of figurative language used in the songs were metaphor. The other figurative is only 1 allusion and 1 synecdoche.
Edgar allan poe was a famous poet and as a major figure in world literature is primarily based on his ingenious and profound short stories, poems, and critical theories, which make a highly contribution for the short form in both poetry and fiction.One of his great work on poem is “The Raven” in 1845. that poem make him famous around the United States. Regarded in literatury histories, he was also the principal forerunner of the movement in nineteenth century european
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literature. And as the object, the writer choosed some of selected poems from Edgar Allan Poe, namely Annabel Lee, The Raven, Alone, A Dream Within a Dream and A Valentine.
Based on the previous researchs, the writer would like to do a research on Edgar Allan Poe. The writer choose his poem because he had a poem that always related about what his feel. This study will analyze types of non literal meaning using saeed’s theory.
B.The Problem of Study
Related with the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the following :
1) What types of non-literal meaning are used in Edgar Allan Poe selected Poems?
2) What types of non-literal meaning are dominantly used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems?
3) What is the implication of the dominant type of non literal meaning used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems?
C.The Objective of Study
The objectives of this study are intended to
1) Describe the types of non-literal meaning used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems
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selected poems
3) Describe the implication of the dominant type of non literal meaning in Edgar Allan Poe Selected Poems
D.The Scope of Study
This study is focused on non-literal meaning used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems, they are Annabel Lee, The Raven, Alone, A Dream Within a Dream and A Valentine. Semantics theory will be used to analyze the non literal meaning.
E.The Significance of Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for
1) The researchers to give more contribution or inspiration to conduct further related research.
2) The readers to give more information and knowledge in semantic, especially about non literal meaning.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Non literal meaning can be found in literature, especially in poetry. The writer found that there are an famous poet Edgar Allan Poe who has beautiful word in every his poem. So, the writer choose five famous poem from Edgar
Allan Poe and used Saaed’s Theory to found the types of non literal meaning in
there. After analyzing and determining the types of non literal meaning in five selected poems of Edgar Allan Poe, the conclusions are presented as follows:
(1) Only four types from six types of non literal meaning are occurred in the poems :The Raven, Annabel Lee, A Dream Within A Dream, Alone, A Valentine. They are Metaphor (42), Irony (0), Metonymy (12), Synecdoche (7), Hyperbole (15), Litotes (0).
(2) The most dominant type of non literal meaning is Metaphor written by author with 42 occurrences (55.3%) in five selected poem by Edgar Allan Poe.
(3) The writer on this poem want to make his writing more beautifully using metaphor dominantly. There are so many a new word or sentence that created from comparative the two unrelated objects so that make his poem has a good writing style and make the reader fells of many imagination from the word by word that the writer created through the poem.
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B. Suggestions
By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some suggestions which are presented as follows:
(1) Teachers need to improve their knowledge about non literal meaning so that they can teach students with more clearly word and make students easily understanding the purpose of literary works such as poem that usually using non literal meaning.
(2) Readers are suggested to enrich their knowledge of non literal meaning so they can become more interested in reading such as literary work and make the better understanding of non literal meaning in poem.
(3) Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of non literal meaning in other objects.
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REFERENCES
Aminuddin, 2001. Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Sastra, Bandung: Sinar Baru Algesindo
Basuki, S.K. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud. Barnett, et al. 1995. An Introduction to Literature. London: Premtoce
Dinata, I.2013. Figurative Language in Song Lyric by Saosin Band, Nelly Furtado, and Bruno Mars. Humanis
Eco, U. 1984. Semiotics and The Philosophy of Language. London: The Macmillan Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Language, context, and text: Aspect of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holman, et al. 1986. A Handbook to Literature 5th Edition. New York : McMillan. Holmes, J. 1982. Expressing Doubt and Certainly in English. RELC Journal 13
(2), 9-28.
Katz, J.J. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper and Row. Leech, G. 1974. Semantics. London: Penguin.
Meyer. 1997. What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. North Dakota : University of North Dakota. Vol. 41.
Palmer, F.R. 1979. Semantics, A new outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saeed, John Ibrahim. 2004. Semantics. Kensington, Maryland: Dunwoody Press Simanjuntak, Y. 2009. An Analysis of Non Literal Meaning Found in Emily
Dickinson’s Selected Poems. Medan : Fakultas Sastra USU.
Siregar, B.U.1992.Introductory Course in Semantics. Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.
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2
Tirajoh, Juliana 1988. English Poetry : An Introduction to Indonesian Students. Jakarta : Depdikbud
http://www.biography.com/people/edgar-allan-poe-9443160 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/poem
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literature. And as the object, the writer choosed some of selected poems from Edgar Allan Poe, namely Annabel Lee, The Raven, Alone, A Dream Within a Dream and A Valentine.
Based on the previous researchs, the writer would like to do a research on Edgar Allan Poe. The writer choose his poem because he had a poem that always related about what his feel. This study will analyze types of non literal meaning using saeed’s theory.
B.The Problem of Study
Related with the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the following :
1) What types of non-literal meaning are used in Edgar Allan Poe selected Poems?
2) What types of non-literal meaning are dominantly used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems?
3) What is the implication of the dominant type of non literal meaning used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems?
C.The Objective of Study
The objectives of this study are intended to
1) Describe the types of non-literal meaning used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems
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selected poems
3) Describe the implication of the dominant type of non literal meaning in Edgar Allan Poe Selected Poems
D.The Scope of Study
This study is focused on non-literal meaning used in Edgar Allan Poe selected poems, they are Annabel Lee, The Raven, Alone, A Dream Within a Dream and A Valentine. Semantics theory will be used to analyze the non literal meaning.
E.The Significance of Study
The findings of the study are expected to be useful for
1) The researchers to give more contribution or inspiration to conduct further related research.
2) The readers to give more information and knowledge in semantic, especially about non literal meaning.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Non literal meaning can be found in literature, especially in poetry. The writer found that there are an famous poet Edgar Allan Poe who has beautiful word in every his poem. So, the writer choose five famous poem from Edgar Allan Poe and used Saaed’s Theory to found the types of non literal meaning in there. After analyzing and determining the types of non literal meaning in five selected poems of Edgar Allan Poe, the conclusions are presented as follows:
(1) Only four types from six types of non literal meaning are occurred in the poems :The Raven, Annabel Lee, A Dream Within A Dream, Alone, A Valentine. They are Metaphor (42), Irony (0), Metonymy (12), Synecdoche (7), Hyperbole (15), Litotes (0).
(2) The most dominant type of non literal meaning is Metaphor written by author with 42 occurrences (55.3%) in five selected poem by Edgar Allan Poe.
(3) The writer on this poem want to make his writing more beautifully using metaphor dominantly. There are so many a new word or sentence that created from comparative the two unrelated objects so that make his poem has a good writing style and make the reader fells of many imagination from the word by word that the writer created through the poem.
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B. Suggestions
By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some suggestions which are presented as follows:
(1) Teachers need to improve their knowledge about non literal meaning so that they can teach students with more clearly word and make students easily understanding the purpose of literary works such as poem that usually using non literal meaning.
(2) Readers are suggested to enrich their knowledge of non literal meaning so they can become more interested in reading such as literary work and make the better understanding of non literal meaning in poem.
(3) Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of non literal meaning in other objects.
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1
REFERENCES
Aminuddin, 2001. Pengantar Apresiasi Karya Sastra, Bandung: Sinar Baru Algesindo
Basuki, S.K. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud. Barnett, et al. 1995. An Introduction to Literature. London: Premtoce
Dinata, I.2013. Figurative Language in Song Lyric by Saosin Band, Nelly Furtado, and Bruno Mars. Humanis
Eco, U. 1984. Semiotics and The Philosophy of Language. London: The Macmillan Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Language, context, and text: Aspect of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Holman, et al. 1986. A Handbook to Literature 5th Edition. New York : McMillan. Holmes, J. 1982. Expressing Doubt and Certainly in English. RELC Journal 13
(2), 9-28.
Katz, J.J. 1972. Semantic Theory. New York: Harper and Row. Leech, G. 1974. Semantics. London: Penguin.
Meyer. 1997. What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. North Dakota : University of North Dakota. Vol. 41.
Palmer, F.R. 1979. Semantics, A new outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saeed, John Ibrahim. 2004. Semantics. Kensington, Maryland: Dunwoody Press Simanjuntak, Y. 2009. An Analysis of Non Literal Meaning Found in Emily
Dickinson’s Selected Poems. Medan : Fakultas Sastra USU.
Siregar, B.U.1992.Introductory Course in Semantics. Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU.
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2
Tirajoh, Juliana 1988. English Poetry : An Introduction to Indonesian Students. Jakarta : Depdikbud
http://www.biography.com/people/edgar-allan-poe-9443160 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/poem