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observations, and the circumstances that shaped his life were taken as evidences of authorial
intention as they were autobiographies, biographies, and history books Tyson, 136.
According to Zima New Criticism believe that one can know if a given author’s intention or a given reader’s interpretation actually represents the text’s meaning is to examine or all
the evidences provided by the language of the text itself, such as the images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, plot, and so forth, which
called formal element Zima, 19-18. Formal element method new criticism includes of the literary devices, figurative language and language structures ignore any culture, historical or
biographical context, but it is focus on the component of language in text itself Gillespie, 178. The method of New Criticism stresses on close reading while concentrating on such
formal aspects as rhythm, meter, theme, imagery, metaphor Eagleton, 80. The interpretation of a text shows that these aspects serve to support the structure of meaning within the text. It
emphasizes close attention to the features from inside the text itself, and it discourages the
use of external evidence to explain the work.
2.1.1. Character
In a literature, character has an important role in a story beside it make the story alive, character is viewed as a strategic position to carry a message or something that author wants
to convey in the story, as Holman states that the character most often used to refer to a person in fictional story. The person is described not as an individualized personality 74. So
characters which represents person become something interesting the story.
Character is not only enough to build a story. The author has the way to depict the character to make the story more alive it is called characterization. Characterization is
standard to introduce a character. We can understand a character deeply this thesis provide some of character. According to Richard character is the author’s way to make the readers
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understand the personality and image of a character in literary fiction Richard, 90. So character can express behavior and figure of human being in the novel. Character can also
make important medium for human life which gives literature a great appeal, because through
the character the author can express what they want to convey to the readers.
The readers can explore the novel or short story by paying attention to the characters, conversation, actions, and comments in order to understand more about the idea of the study.
A character can be produced by contrast or identifying with other character, by contrast or identifying with setting by description of physical presence by analysis or motive of mind or
by evaluation of other character Dietrich, 144. So characterization is the process by which writer makes that character seem real to the readers.
2.1.2. Characterization
Characterization can be used to analyze the character or the personality of the character in literary work, whether the person is good or bad, developed or static personal.
Characterization itself is made from the imaginary of the author of characters that is actual
person life like Holman and Harmon, 81.
Based on Bennet book, the realist characterization presupposes a mimetic model of literary texts whereby what is primary or original is a real person, and a character in a book is
simply a copy of such a person. Such a model does not allow for a reversal of this relationship, it does not allow for the possibility that, for example, a person in real life might
be convincing to the extent that he or she resembles a person in book Bennet, 63. On the face of it, such a reversal my sound rather strange or counterintuitive, we would normally
want to give priority to person and say that characters in books are more or less like real
people. Indeed, literary history contains various dramatic instances where life copies fiction.
In this case, the writer uses characterization analytical approach to analyze “I” character in order to
know about “I” personality which further it can help the writer to explain about
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the psychological condition when character “I” scary whit the old man eye and then he kill
him.
2.2. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory
According to Freud in Hall’s book psychoanalysis is a theory of personality. But there is another side to psychoanalysis as well. Psychoanalysis is also a method of psychotherapy
Hall, 19. So psychoanalysis is a method of medical treatment for people suffering from neurological disorders. Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that aims to treat someone who
has mental disorder and nerve.
According to Schultz, Freud’s original conception divided personality into three levels: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The conscious, as Freud defined the
term, corresponds to its ordinary everyday meaning. It includes all the sensations and experiences of which we are aware at any given moment. Freud considered the conscious a
limited aspect of personality because only a small portion of our thoughts, sensation, and memories exist in conscious awareness at any time. He likened the mind to an iceberg. The
conscious is the portion above the surface of the water merely the tip of the iceberg. More important, according to Freud, is the unconscious, that large, invisible portion below the
surface. This is the focus of psychoanalysis theory. Its vast, dark depths are the home of the instincts, those wishes and desires that direct our behavior. The unconscious contains the
major driving power behind all behaviors and is the repository of force we cannot see or
control Schultz, 56.
The total personality as conceived by Freud consists of three major systems. These are called the Id, the ego and superego Hall, 22. The other term of the three factors in
psychoanalysis know as the three agencies that marks the psychic life. Of the three system or
