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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In order to analyze the main problem in this thesis, the writer uses some theories that are going to be used. The theories are new criticism, characterization, psychoanalysis, and the
concept of paranoid schizophrenia. Those theories are to expose more in detailed way about character “I” and psychological aspect in his character.
2.1. New Criticism
Correlation between the psychology characters “I” with the work. So this research must find the character first to analyze, New Criticism as supporting theory. New Criticism
appeared for the first time in the 1920s and continues to develop until the 1960s Selden 15. In America New Criticism called “close reading,” has been a standard method of high school
and college instruction in literary studies for the past several decades. So in this sense, New Criticism is still a real presence among us and probably will remain so for some time to come
Tyson, 135. Close reading is a method that sought their literary literature carefully and in
detail.
According to Gillespie New Criticism emerged as a reaction to the theory of the history of literary criticism and literary criticism biography is too put extrinsic elements of literary
works, such as the history of a literary work or a biography of an author, as something that is important in analyzing literary works, without entering the elements intrinsic literature
Gillespie, 176. So with the New Criticism, the intrinsic elements of literary works serve as
an important object in literary analysis.
The publication of New Criticism, to interpret a literary text by studying other elements associated with the text such as the author’s life, political events, and to determine the
meaning that the author mean in a text. The author’s letters, his journals of experiences and
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observations, and the circumstances that shaped his life were taken as evidences of authorial
intention as they were autobiographies, biographies, and history books Tyson, 136.
According to Zima New Criticism believe that one can know if a given author’s intention or a given reader’s interpretation actually represents the text’s meaning is to examine or all
the evidences provided by the language of the text itself, such as the images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, plot, and so forth, which
called formal element Zima, 19-18. Formal element method new criticism includes of the literary devices, figurative language and language structures ignore any culture, historical or
biographical context, but it is focus on the component of language in text itself Gillespie, 178. The method of New Criticism stresses on close reading while concentrating on such
formal aspects as rhythm, meter, theme, imagery, metaphor Eagleton, 80. The interpretation of a text shows that these aspects serve to support the structure of meaning within the text. It
emphasizes close attention to the features from inside the text itself, and it discourages the
use of external evidence to explain the work.
2.1.1. Character
In a literature, character has an important role in a story beside it make the story alive, character is viewed as a strategic position to carry a message or something that author wants
to convey in the story, as Holman states that the character most often used to refer to a person in fictional story. The person is described not as an individualized personality 74. So
characters which represents person become something interesting the story.
Character is not only enough to build a story. The author has the way to depict the character to make the story more alive it is called characterization. Characterization is
standard to introduce a character. We can understand a character deeply this thesis provide some of character. According to Richard character is the author’s way to make the readers
