Previous Research An Analysis Of Politeness Strategies In Her Movie

10 FTA as a general rule there are 3 utterances 9,68, strategy 9 and 10 there are only one utterance 3,23. Rachael Ray as the object of analysis mostly used strategy 2. Question, hedge that shows speaker tend to using simple strategy to applied word or phrase to minimize a risk of wrong in delivering the utterances. 2 The differences between the thesis above and this thesis are in the methodology they used, if Resi Novira used Quantitative method with a percentage of the strategy uses. In contrast, the writer use Qualitative method, then there are no percentage in the result of her thesis. 3. This thesis written by Siti Nurzanah in 2012, entitled An Analysis of Negative Politeness Strategy Used by Harry Potter In JK Rowling’s Novel ‘Harry Potter and The Chamber Of Secret”. The aim of this research are to find out the analysis of negative politeness strategy used by Harry Potter in J.K. Rowling’s novel ‗Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret’, to know in what situation Harry Potter used Negative Politeness, and to know with whom Harry used the Negative Politeness. This research was conducted through discourse analysis methodology. The researcher collecting data by reading the novel and analyzed the data by using technique: data reduction, data display, and analysis according to the theory of Miles and Huberman. As the result of this research, the researcher found the negative politeness strategy used by Harry Potter in J.K. Rowling novel Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret are seven of ten types of negative politeness: be conventionally indirect, 2 Resi Novira. Negative Politeness Strategies as Found in Rachel Ray Show. Padang: Universitas Andalas, 2010 11 question-hedge, be pessimistic, minimize the imposition, give deference, apologize, go on record as incurring a debt or as not indebting in the certain situation and setting. There is no utterance which belong to impersonalize S and H, state FTA as general rule, and nominalize. 3 The differences between this thesis and the thesis written by Siti Nurzanah are this thesis is about politeness strategy but she also conducted with Discourse Analysis, and the corpus is novel and uses Miles and Huberman as a technique of data analysis. Otherwise, the writer use qualitative method and the result explained descriptively. And the data conducted used data card as introduced by Subroto. 4. This journal written by Rosina Marquez Reiter from University of Sheffield, entitled Politeness Phenomena in British English and Uruguayan Spanish: The case of Requests. The aim of this journal is to present and analysis and interpretation of the realization patterns of requests in British English BE and Uruguayan Spanish US, establishing the similarities and differences between the conceptualization of politeness by native speaker of both languages. This journal use Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory, and other supporting theories such as Whorfian hypothesis and its view on the relationship between language and thought, Gricean conversational maxims, Austin’s and Searle’s speech act theory and Goffman’s notion of ‗face’, and the major politeness theories such as Lakoff 1973, Brown and Levinson 1987 and Leech’s 1983. The result of this journal is the major difference between US and BE request is a matter of orientation. Uruguayans appear to 3 Siti Nurzanah. An Analysis of Negative Politeness Strategy Used by Hrry Potter in JK Rowling’s Novel Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret. Cirebon: IAIN Syekh Nurjati, 2012 12 be more inclined towards positive politeness when requesting as opposed to the British, who seem to be more inclined to negative politeness. 4 The differences between the journal above and this thesis are this journal is specific in request and the researcher did this research in real life situation and the unit of analysis are the British English native speaker and Uruguayan Spanish Native speaker, and used Whorfian hypothesis as supporting theory different from the writer of this thesis, she used movie as the corpus and related them with Politeness and solidarity which known in sociolinguistics.

B. Concept

In this section explains the concept of politeness and impoliteness that can affect a person to use politeness strategies and also theories to support from the sociolinguistic namely solidarity and politeness theory initiated by Ronald Wardaugh and politeness theory initiated by Brown-Levinson. Indeed, other theories that support the main theory.

1. Politeness

In daily conversation, we as civilized human beings would certainly think about what we uttered, to whom we uttered or who our partners, in a situation like what we said so as not to offend hearer. It is necessary for us said the sentences that polite. In the other hand, according to Thomas, the only reason is that people have discussed five separate sets of phenomena deference, register, a real-world 4 Rosina Marquez Reiter. Politeness Phenomena in British English and Uruguayan Spanish: The Case of Request. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 1997 13 goal, a surface level phenomenon and an illocutionary phenomenon under the heading of politeness. 5 It is intepreted in everyday life as the use of deferential language and expression of gratitude and apology. 6 Furthermore, politeness is a concept in English that assessed in pragmatic and sociolinguistics in Anglo-Saxon tradition of linguistics. In fact, this concept is also subject of social theory. In general, politeness relates to the idea of such thoughtful, humble, and considerate in term of relationship with others. 7 Politeness is an area of interactional pragmatic which has experienced and explosion of interest over the past quarter of a century and in which empirical studies have proliferated, examining-individually and crosses culturally-languages and language varieties from around the world. 8 It is a pragmatics phenomenon which lies not in the form and the words themselves, but its function and its intended social meaning. 9 Pragmatically, politeness is interpreted as a strategy used by a speaker to achieved variety goals, such as promoting or maintaining harmonious relations. 10 Then, in the pragmatics we recognize the principle of politeness. Some theories about politeness principle introduced by some linguist one of them is Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson, better known as Brown and Levinsons theory of politeness. According to them, the concept of politeness is universal and 5 Jenny Thomas, Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics Edinburgh: Longman, 1995, p. 149. 6 Helen Spencer-Oatey, Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory, 2nd ed. Cornwall:Continuum, 2008, p. 2. 7 Richard J. Watts, Politeness Cambridge : CUP, 2003, p.10 8 Leo Hickey and Miranda Stewart, Politeness in Europe Great Britain: Cromwell Press, 2005 p.1 9 Joan Cutting, Pragmatic and Discourse, New York: Routledge, 2002, pp. 51-52 10 Thomas. Op.cit. pp.157-158 14 equal in all speech communities in the world. Member of society have the same way to show politeness to the hearers conceptualized as face. 11 Goffman defines face as the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line other assume he has taken during a particular contact. 12 George Yule defines the concept of face as a social and emotional sense owned by anyone and hoped to be recognized by the others. 13 According to Janney Thomas, the concept of face is the best understood as every individual’s feeling of self-worth within politeness theory. This image can be damaged, maintained or enhanced through verbal interaction with others. 14 Brown and Levinson defines it as the public self image that every member want to claim for himself. 15 In their book entitled Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage suggests that in speaking, speaker and hearer both have positive and negative face 16 , where the face should be kept. This face has two aspects: positive and negative. Negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, right to non-distraction – i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition Positive face: the positive consistent self- image or ‗personality’ crucial including the desire that his self-image be appreciated and approved of claimed by interactants. 17 As quoted by Helen Spencer-Oatey in their book entitled Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory that in Brown and Levinson seminal work on politeness, proposed that face is the key of motivating 11 Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. pp.61-62 12 Erving Goffman. Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior New Jersey: Transaction Publisher, 2005, p. 5. 13 George Yule. The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2006, p.119. 14 Thomas. Op.cit. p. 169. 15 Brown and Levinson. Loc. Cit. 16 Ibid. p.59 17 Ibid. p. 61