Positive Politeness Brown and Levinson Politeness Theory

21 Strategy 5. Seek agreement Another ways to claim a common ground with H are raising the safe topic in order to be agreeing with H opinions; and agreement also stressed with repetition or repeating what all the preceding speaker said.  Isn’t your new car a beautiful color  A: john went to London this weekend B: to London Strategy 6. Avoid disagreement In this case, the S must be agree with H in order to main the H’s face. The strategies are token agreement is pretending agree with H; Pseudo-Agreement is the use of then as a conclusory marker; white lies is where S is confronted with the necessity to state opinion want to lie rather than damage H’s positive face; and hedging opinions is S may be vague about his opinion in order to not to be seen disagree.  a: can you hear me? b: barely  I’ll meet you in front of the theater just before 8.00, then.  Yes, I do like your new hat.  It’s really beautiful, in a way Strategy 7. Presupposeraiseassert common ground This strategy have several ways such as gossip or small talk is for softening the request; point of view operations is encoded point of view by mean 22 of deixis; time switch is a tense shift from past to present tense; place switch is use proximal here, this, rather than there, that; avoidance of adjustment of reports to H’s point of view is direct quoted speech is is the very general usage; presupposition manipulations is S presuppose something when he presumes that it is mutually taken for granted; presuppose knowledge of H’s wants and attitude is with negative question which presume yes answer is indicated that S know H’s want, taste, habit; presuppose H’s values are the same a S’s value is using of scalar predicates; presuppose familiarity in S’H relationship the use of familiar address form like honey; presuppose H’s knowledge is the use of in group codes- language, dialect, jargon, local terminology.  Wouldn’t you like a drink?  Harry took me to the movies the other day. Strategy 8. Joke S May joke or a joke may minimize an FTA of requesting.  Ok if I tackle those cookie? Strategy 9. Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wants Put pressure on H to cooperate with S is to assert or imply knowledge of H’s wants and willingness to fit one’s own wants with them.  I know you can’t bear parties, but this one will be really good- do come 23 Strategy 10. Offer, promise To redress the potential of FTAs, S may choose to stress his cooperation with H in another way. He may claim that whatever H wants, S wants for him and will help to obtain.  I’ll drop by sometimes next week. Strategy 11. Be optimistic S is assume that his want is H’s want too, and H will help to obtain them.  I’ve come to borrow a cup of flour. Strategy 12. Include both S and H in the activity Using inclusive form ‗we’ instead of ‗you’ or ‗me’ when S want to doing something.  let’s have a cookie, then. I.e. me  give us break i.e. me Strategy 13. Give or ask reasons Including H in practical reasoning and assuming reflexivity, H is thereby led to see the reasonableness of S’s FTA.  why not lend me your cottage for the weekend? Strategy 14. Assume or assert reciprocity S ask for reciprocal right or obligation to H  I’ll do X for you and you help me to do Y. 24 Strategy 15. Give gift to H goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation S satisfy H’s face by action, not only giving tangible gift, but also sympathy, understanding and so on.

2.3. Negative Politeness

Negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressees negative face: his want to have his freedom of action unhindered and his attention unimpeded. Where positive politeness is free-ranging, negative politeness is specific and focused; it performs the function of minimizing the particular imposition that the FTA unavoidably effects. 32 In this strategy, speaker should be minimizing imposition to the hearer, through distancing style like apologies. We should stressed that negative politeness are not the only motivation a speaker may have for using the linguistics realizations characteristics of negative politeness. The outputs are all forms useful in general for social distancing, not like positive politeness realization are forms for minimizing social distance, they are therefore likely to be used whenever when speaker wants to put a social brake on to the course of his interaction. 33 Strategy 1: Be Conventionally Indirect Speakers must express his desire indirectly to the hearer. In this strategy a speaker faced with opposing tensions: the desires to give hearer and ‗out’ by being indirect and he desires to go on record. Indirect speech acts are certainly the 32 Brown and Levinson. Op.cit. p. 129 33 Ibid. p.130 25 most significant form of conventional indirectness. 34 According to Searle 1975, conventional indirectness refers to the sentences that maybe “standardly” used to make indirect request. These utterances in certain grammatical forms are conventionally employed to perform the function of getting the addressee to do something. 35 With regard to request, the intention to get someone to do something is commonly conveyed by a form which is not directive, such as interrogative sentence or a declarative sentence. 36  can you pass the salt? which can be only indirect request an not concievably a question about the adddressee’s potential ability  I’m looking for a comb. Strategy 2: Question, Hedge. This strategy is using almost the same question as indirect speech and also using particles, words or phrases that modify levels of predication or noun phrase. Modification can be expressed level or more correct and more complete than previously thought.  bill is a regular friend  I rather think its hopeless. Strategy 3: Be Pessimistic If the previous strategy, speaker must be optimistic about the response of the hearer, the speakers strategy this time should be pessimistic about the hearers response.  could you do X? 34 Ibid. p. 132 35 John Searle, Indirect speech act. In: Cole Morgan Eds.. Syntax and Semantics: Speech Act Vol.3. New York Academic press, 1975, p.53 36 Ibid. p. 52 26 Strategy 4: Minimize the Imposition, Rx If the speaker asks hearer to do something, or give her something to the speaker, it means that the speaker was impose, as if the speaker gives hearer burden to obey what was uttered.  I just want to ask you if you could lend me a single sheet of paper. Strategy 5: Give Deference Show respect and respect for others through utterances.  we look forward very much to dining with you. Strategy 6: Apologize Apologized before revealing the real purpose to the hearer, Apologizing does not always explicitly with the words forgive or apologize, but also implicitly by using a verb.  I hesitate to trouble you, but ... Strategy 7: Impersonalize S and H Not mention the speaker or hearer in a utterances. For example, by using the word it that serves impersonal not pronoun.  it is so I tell you that it is so  Do this for me I ask you to do this for me Strategy 8: State the FTA as a General Rule Stating utterances in a general form, so it does not seem to make or threaten someone to do something.