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CHAPTER II THEORICAL REVIEW
A. Review on Speaking
1. The Speaking Definition
Many experts define about speaking. Here are eight speaking definitions from different experts. They define speaking definition depending on their
perception. The first definition comes from Underwood 1997: 11 he defines speaking as a creative process where speakers are almost always in the position of
formulating what they are saying as a result of the behaviour of their listeners or a result of added thoughts of their own. It means that speaking is a process where
there are speaker and listener. It means that speaker is a person who delivers the material and the listener is the person who accepts the material.
The second definition of speaking is stated by O’ Malley 1990: 66 – 67.
He defines speaking as an example of a complex cognitive skill that can be differentiated into various hierarchal sub skills, some of which might require
controlled processing while others could be processed automatically. In other words, it involves man
y skills in human’s brain and it is consisting and automatic process.
The third definition comes from Widdowson 1990: 59. He defines speaking in to three definitions of language:
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a. Speaking is simply the physical embodiment of abstract system in the
usage sense involve the manifestation of the phonological system or of the grammatical system of language or both.
b. Speaking is active, or productive, and makes use of the aural medium.
c. Speaking as an instance of use, therefore, is part of a reciprocal
exchange in which both reception and production play part. In this sense, the skill of speaking involves both receptive and productive
participation It means that speaking is a system covered by phonological and grammatical
systems. The speaking production is influenced by the reception of the speaker. The fourth speaking definition is stated by Byrne 1997: 8. He states that
oral communication is a two way process between the speaker and listener or listeners. It involves the productive skill of speaking and the receptive skill of
understanding or listening with understanding. The speaker and the listener have a positive function to perform and deliver the messages or ideas. The fifth
definition comes from Lewis and Hill 1993: 54. Speaking is a process that covers many things in addition to the pronunciation of individual sounds.
Speaking process also covers pronunciation of individual sounds, the pronunciation stress and intonation will take a big part in this process. This theory
explains that speaking gives big portion in pronunciation both stress and intonation.
The sixth, Nunan 1998: 26 stated that speaking is a process consisting of short, often fragmentary utterances in a range of pronunciation. It means that a
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speaker will produce an utterance while speaking. Seventh, Levelt 1995: 1 makes a definition of speaking; speaking is one of man’s most complex skills. It is
a skill which is unique to our species. So, speaking is a process done by human and it needs more than one skill. Eighth, according to Brown 1994: 9 oral skill
can be defined as a speaking skill. The productive skill of speaking will be oral fluency: the ability to express oneself intelligibly, reasonably, accurately and
without undue hesitation otherwise communication may break down because the listener loses interest or get impatient
2. Speaking Features
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