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1. produce the sounds of language 2. combine sounds into words and words into sentences;
3. choose words that express meaning clearly; 4. speak with clear enunciation and articulation
5. adjust volume, speed, pitch, tone, and inflection of voice appropriately to listeners;
6. adapt to different audiences; 7. react appropriately to different kinds of responses;
8. organize messages clearly; 9. exemplify, illustrate and generalize when necessary; and
10. adapt style and level of formality to the situation. It can be concluded that speaking is a process in which the speakers express their
idea to the listeners. When the speakers speak, they produce utterances with the specific pronunciation of individual sounds.
B. Review on Audio – Visual Aids
1. Audio-visual aids Definitions
The definition of audio according to www.freeonlinedictionary.comaudio
is: Of or relating to humanly audible sound. 1. Of or relating to the broadcasting, reproduction or reception of sound. 2. Of or relating to high-fidelity sound
reproduction. Meanwhile, the definitions of visual are: a.
Of relating to the senses of sight: a visual organ; visual receptors on the retina.
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b. Seen or able to be seen by the eye; a visual presentation; design with
a dramatic visual effect. c.
Optical d.
Done, maintained, or executed by sight only: visual navigation e.
Having the nature of or producing an image in the mind: a visual memory of the scene.
f. Of or relating to a method of instruction involving sight.
Aid as stated in www.freeonlinedictionary.comaids
is a resourc e; “visual
aids in teaching “…the activity of contributing to the fulfilment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose and help: give help or assistance; be of
service…”. Moreover, audio – visual may refer to works with both a sound and visual component, the production or use of such works, or the equipment involved
in presenting such works. Movies and television shows are examples of audio –
visual presentations. Audio-visual in education is instruction where particular attention is paid to the audio and visual presentation of the material with the goal
of improving comprehension and retention. Huebener 1965: 132 states that audio-visual techniques include
everything used in teaching except the textbook. There is, the first, the real experience of the child, which may appeal to all five senses. There is contrived
experience- model, objects, exhibits, pictures, charts, etc. He adds that many people think “audio-visual” as designating those devices, techniques and materials
which appeal directly to the ear and eyes of the learner. The simpler ones, in everyday use in the classroom, consist of pictures, charts, diagrams and maps. The
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more elaborate ones are photograph record, radio, the tape recorder, the motion picture, various types of films and television.
Audio-visual methods and materials are used in every area of learning. Audio-visual techniques are effective in teaching. It has some reasons, as stated
by Huebener 1965: 133: 1.
They contribute to the efficiency, depth and variety of learning 2.
They offer a close verisimilitude of experience which is stimulating. 3.
They tend to hold the interest and attention of other learner. 4.
By appealing to several senses they making learning more permanent 5.
Their aesthetic character makes learning pleasant and enjoyable.
Byrne, 1997: 128 states that audio – visual aid is always present in the
classroom: the teacher himself, and he would be well advised to consider how to make the best use of himself before he looks at other possibilities. So, the use of
audio – visual is a must to minimize in delivering the material in teaching and
learning process.
Besides, from
http:www.tpub.comaudiovisualaidsinteaching.com , audio - visual aids are
defined as any device used to aid in the communication of an idea. From this definition, virtually anything can be used as an aid, providing it
successfully communicates the idea or information for which it is designed. Young children learn much about written word long before they have
formal reading and writing at school. Information in the form of words and pictures clues are displayed in most public places, and children realize that there is
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a close association between visual information and the spoken word. Children therefore grow up expecting their world to be visual. They are accustomed to
receiving constant visual support where communication is concerned. Vale 1995: 106 said that visual aids are extremely important in the teaching of a second
language to younger learner. The teachers can use visual aids to: a.
support understanding when the children are listening b.
put across the meaning of vocabulary c.
provide a topic or visual focus to prompt speaking or writing; d.
provide a visual link between L1 and English; e.
provide support and motivation for early reading and writing in English;
f. provide ways around communication barriers.
2. Kinds of Audio-visual Aids
