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The collaborator helped the researcher to observe the students activities. She noted everything happened in the teaching and learning process.
6. Reflecting After carrying out the teaching and learning process by using audio-visual
aids, the writer recited the occurrences in the classroom as the effect of the action. She evaluated the process and the result of the implementing audio-visual aids to
improve the students ’ speaking skill in class I A RSBI of SDN Cemara Dua No.
13 Surakarta. The evaluation was beneficial to give the recommendation of what the researcher should do in the next cycle.
E. Techniques of Collecting Data
The techniques of collecting data used in this research are observational and non-observational techniques. The following are the detail explanation of each
technique according to Burns 1999: 78-151: 1.
Observational techniques The researcher as the teacher carries out the observation and the
collaboration is taken with the English teacher as observer. Stud ents’
behaviour and students’ activities are observed during speaking class. The observation is focused on the development of students
’ speaking by using audio
– visual aids. It is recorded on writing form called as field notes, teacher’s diary and photographs. They can be explained as follow:
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a Notes or field notes
Notes, or field notes as they are often referred to in qualitative research, are descriptions and accounts of events in the research context which
are written in a relatively factual and objective style. It includes non- verbal information, physical settings, group structures, interactions
between participants. b
Teacher diaries and journals Teacher diaries and journals are an alternative to field note, or a
supplement, if time permits. They provide continuing accounts of perceptions and thought processes, as well as of critical events or issues
which are surfaced in the classroom. Diaries and journals contain more subjective and personal reflections and interpretations than relatively
formalized recordings of notes. c
Photographs Photographs are a way of greatly enhancing classroom analysis and
providing visual stimuli which can be integrated into reporting and presenting the research to others. The use of photograph is also a
technique for data collection that combines effectively with range of language classroom tasks and activities where visual aids are an in
valuable support in learning.
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2. Non-observational techniques
Non-observational tools result in data that are essentially introspective, that is, they invite personal and individual account of events, attitudes,
and beliefs. They encourage respondents to “self-report” their perspectives on phenomena under research. The non-observational
techniques used for collecting data are: a
Speaking test Speaking test was conducted to know the result of quantitative data
from students’ speaking skill before and after the action. b
Interview Interviews are a popular and widely used means of collecting
qualitative data. Action researchers need to consider what kind of interview is most appropriate to the research issues and to the types
of learners involved. Interview can give any information needed by the researcher directly.
c Students’ diary
An alternative, but related, form of gaining introspected written data is to use student journals or feedback responses. Journal writing has
for many teachers become a popular task within communicative teaching approach. When it is oriented toward issues the teacher
wishes to investigate. It can provide valuable insights into classroom interactions and the students’ responses to their learning experience.
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F. Techniques of Analyzing Data
