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National Marine Park and Tangkoko National Park. This too was a vital issue to address: without specifically stating that existing regulations would remain in place, questions would
have arisen as to the priority of central regulations vis-a-vis regional regulations regarding the national parks. Indeed, this issue had been debated during negotiations, and was finally
resolved with the current language.
3.2.2.4. Chapter III: Principles, Objectives, Benefits and Priorities
Article 4 discusses the principles for community-based integrated coastal resource manage- ment. These include: 1 balance and sustainability in order to protect ecosystem functions;
2 integration of activities and decisions among sectors, between management and science, among stakeholders and among geographic areas; 3 community involvement and
participation; 4 community empowerment in economic terms; 5 accountability and transparency; 6 recognition of traditional knowledge and customs. These principles con-
tain a mix of substantive principles promoting sustainability and ecological integrity; proce- dural principles promoting good governance through integrated decisionmaking, account-
ability, participation and transparency; and equitable principles promoting economic em- powerment of communities and recognition of local and traditional community practices.
Article 5 discusses the objectives of the Perda: 1 establish priorities for resource manage- ment; 2 mitigate and, if possible, eliminate activities destroying coastal resources and habitat;
3 ensure and protect the condition of coastal resources and habitat; 4 encourage and improve capacity for cooperative and integrated decisionmaking among all stakeholders; 5
improve capacity for management at the local and village levels.
The goals are basic and general, to be applied across-the-board. The Article does not iden- tify individual objectives or goals with respect to specific activities, such as fishing, mangrove
conversion, tourism, waste disposal, industrial or urban development, etc. These will be developed over time, in developing priorities. Only the broad themes are laid out at this
point: mitigate or eliminate destructive activities, and protect the resources as they exist now. This is to be done through improvement of capacity of decision-making, particularly at
the local level.
Article 6 identifies the intended benefits of the Perda and this type of community-based integrated management: 1 efficient and consistent use of resources through integrated
planning and coordination; 2 protection of important areas from degradation and habitat loss; 3 economic development of coastal resources in a sustainable and equitable manner;
4 development of accountability and leadership.
Article 7 identifies specific priorities, which includes: 1 improvement of coordinated deci- sion-making; 2 preserving coastal habitat through MPAs; 3 acknowledgement of commu-
nity rights; 4 capacity-building through education, training and outreach; 5 improving coastal fisheries by eliminating destructive fishing practices; and 6 improving spatial planning. These
priorities are more specific than the objectives stated in Article 5, and they further relate to specific provisions in the Perda. For example, Articles 8-15 establish the institutional struc-
ture for coordinated decision-making at the district and village levels; Articles 19-22 provide for MPA establishment; Articles 23-25 provide for traditional community rights; Articles 26-30
provide for education and training.
To some extent, it may seem redundant to have a layered approach to principles, objectives, benefits and priorities, but each one serves a slightly different purpose and has a slightly
