Material and methods Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:P:Precambrian Research:Vol103.Issue1-2.2000:

nia, MG, we correlate these sediments with the Conselheiro Mata Group, the topmost unit of the Espinhac¸o Supergroup cf. Uhlein, 1991; Abreu, 1995; Dupont, 1995. The deepest sediments in the bore hole in Goia´s 1-RC-1-GO, Fig. 2 are corre- lated with the Paranoa´ Group, equivalent to the Conselheiro Mata Group Dardenne, 1978, 1981, with ample outcrops along the western border of the craton and already known to be microfossilif- erous see Fairchild et al., 1996. The rest of the subsurface section is easily correlatable with the Sa˜o Francisco Supergroup of Neoproterozoic age, which begins with basal rudaceous sediments, the Jequitaı´ Formation, considered glaciogenic, followed upward by shal- low marine to paralic sediments of the Bambuı´ Group. The fourth bore hole 1-RF-1-MG, near Pirapora, MG, cuts through nearly 1850 m of this sedimentary package without reaching Consel- heiro Mata or Paranoa´ equivalents. Neither of the microfossiliferous successions has yielded direct age dates generally accepted by all. Based on general tectonic considerations, age correlations between rather widely separated, pu- tatively equivalent Neoproterozoic glaciogenic rocks, presumptive age limits of conically lami- nated stromatolites, Pb – Pb age-dates on Neoproterozoic carbonates, other avaliable but somewhat problematical geochronologic data on fine fractions of Proterozoic sediments, and a critical discussion of then available stable isotope data, Fairchild et al. 1996 accepted an age around the MesoproterozoicNeoproterozoic boundary for the Paranoa´ Group, older than about 900 Ma, the inferred age of the Jequitaı´ glaciation, and younger than the underlying Araı´ Group, with a metamorphic age of at least 1170 Ma, according to Tassinari et al. 1981, but conceivably as great as 1300 – 1350 Ma see Thomaz-Filho et al., 1998. Thus, the supposedly contemporaneous Conselheiro Mata Group would have to be at least this old. Indeed, tectonic and geochronological arguments regarding the Es- pinhac¸o Supergroup in which the Conselheiro Mata Group comprises the youngest unit strongly support an age between 1750 and 900 Ma, and most likely between 1750 and 1200 Ma for this supergroup Abreu, 1995; Chaves and Neves, 1995; Dussin and Dussin, 1995; Thomaz- Filho et al., 1998. Although the Bambuı´ Group is Neoprotero- zoic, there is still no agreement as to its precise age. Whereas some prefer an age around 600 Ma, based on chemostratigraphic and tectonic inter- pretations Kawashita, 1996a,b; Misi and Veizer, 1998; Thomaz-Filho et al., 1998, others feel that this group must be older, such as Babinski 1993, who interprets available radiometric data as sug- gesting a minimum age of 690 Ma for Bambuı´ sedimentation, and Dardenne 1997, who admits its deposition in a foreland setting as early as 790 Ma. We side with the latter group so that until new studies can produce unambiguous results, we shall consider the age of the Bambuı´ Group as somewhere between 900 the possible age of the Jequitaı´ glaciogenics and 690 Ma.

3. Material and methods

3 . 1 . Description of the drill cores Dark-colored, thinly laminated siltstones and shales were selected for palynological analysis from cores of four bore holes in the western part of the Sa˜o Francisco craton in northwest Minas Gerais and eastern Goia´s Figs. 2 and 3. The two cores from Montalvaˆnia, MG, 1-PSB-13-MG and 1-MA-1-MG, exhibit undeformed Mesoprotero- zoic and Neoproterozoic sediments. Further south, near Pirapora, MG, drill core 1-RF-1-MG recovered flat-lying Neoproterozoic sediments. Only the fourth core, 1-RC-1-GO, from Alvorada do Norte, GO, within the cratonic zone affected by Brasiliano tectonism, has deformed Meso- proterozoic and Neoproterozoic sediments. Bore hole 1-PSB-13-MG Montalvaˆnia cuts through two distinct cratonic sequences separated by a 67-m-thick conglomeratic interval between 540 and 610 m Fig. 3. The lower unit, the Mesoproterozoic Conselheiro Mata Group, com- prises 694 m of an unmetamorphosed, horizontal arenaceous package with dark, carbonaceous argillaceous-silty intercalations. Samples from 18 such intercalations, irregularly distributed be- tween 696.8 and 1250.3 m depth, were analyzed in Fig. 3. Generalized stratigraphic sections of the four wells whose locations are plotted in Fig. 2. Legend: 1, Fine-grained terrigenous lithologies shales, siltstones, etc.. 2, Sandstone. 3, Conglomerate. 4, Diamictite. 5, Marl. 6, Limestone. 7, Dolostone. Inferred lithostratigraphic units: CM, Conselheiro Mata Group. P, Paranoa´ Group. J, Jequitaı´ Formation. SL, Sete Lagoas Formation. SH, Serra de Santa Helena Formation. LJ, Lagoa do Jacare´ Formation. SS, Serra da Saudade Formation. Numbers to right of columns indicate depth in m of levels analyzed in this study. Fossiliferous levels are listed in Tables 1 – 4. After Simonetti 1994, based upon Toledo 1988, 1989a,b and Brandalise 1980. this project. A series of rudaceous beds — con- glomerates and breccias with argillaceous matrix, compositionally varied clasts, and occasional mas- sive argillaceous intercalations — separates the arenaceous package from the overlying carbon- ates and subordinate fine-grained siliciclastics at- tributed to the Neoproterozoic Bambuı´ Group. Bore hole 1-MA-1-MG Montalvaˆnia reached a depth of 531 m and passed through, from top to bottom, a pelite-carbonate sequence, a narrow rudaceous unit, and an arenaceous unit Fig. 3. The lower sequence, attributed to the Meso- proterozoic Conselheiro Mata Group, is made up of homogeneous quartz arenites and subordinate intercalations of carbonaceous siltstones. A polymictic conglomerate with intercalated pelitic and arenaceous laminae separates this unit from the upper sequence, which is correlated with the Bambuı´ Group, represented by calcarenites with occasional intercalations of calcilutites and dolo- stones of the Sete Lagoas Formation and marls and subordinate argillites of the overlying Serra de Santa Helena Formation. Seven samples from the Bambuı´ Group and three from the Consel- heiro Mata equivalent were analyzed from this drill core. Bore hole 1-RF-1-MG Remanso do Fogo was drilled close to Remanso do Fogo ‘Bay of Fire’ on the Paracatu River, where flammable gas of mixed thermochemical and biochemical origin Melo et al., 1988 exsudes from the river bed. Beneath a thin cover of Cretaceous arenites Uru- cu´ia Formation, the drill core comprises 1751 m of essentially pelitic-carbonate sediments, plus a conglomerate and part of a diamictic unit at its base Fig. 3. The diamictites are attributed to the Jequitaı´ Formation. The upper sequence Bambuı´ Group begins with a basal conglomerate, followed up- ward by four formations. The Sete Lagoas For- mation, thickest of the four, is made up of carbonatic shales with subordinate intercalations of calcilutites and calcarenites. It is overlain by the siltstones and sandstones of the Serra de Santa Helena Formation. This, in turn, gives way to calcarenites with intercalated shale of the Lagoa do Jacare´ Formation. The uppermost unit consists of the slightly calciferous shales of the Serra da Saudade Formation. All sixteen samples analyzed from this well come from the Bambuı´ Group. Bore hole 1-RC-1-GO Rio Corrente recovered 1175 m of pelitic sediments and carbonates of the Bambuı´ Group in angular unconformity above 31 m of quartzites correlated with the Paranoa´ Group at the western border of the craton Fig. 3. Three formations are recognizable within the Bambuı´ Group: the Sete Lagoas Formation, cal- ciferous shales with dolomitized calcilutites in its upper part; the Serra de Santa Helena Formation, shales with subordinate calcilutites at its base and subordinate calciferous siltstones at its top; and the Lagoa do Jacare´ Formation, calcilutites with intercalated shales and calciferous siltstones. As most of the drill core consists of largely greenish- gray sediments, unlikely to be microfossiliferous, only five samples, all from the Bambuı´ Group, were analyzed. 3 . 2 . Sample preparation Potentially microfossiliferous, dark, laminated, fine-grained, predominantly siliciclastic rocks were subjected to standard chemical maceration. Sam- ples with carbonate were generally avoided as diagenetic processes in carbonates tend to destroy organic material, including microfossils Krylov and Tikhomirova, 1988. Given the advanced or- ganic maturation and fragility of the organic ma- terial and in order to avoid further fragmentation and loss of microfossils, neither centrifugation nor sieving were utilized. Heavy-liquid separation us- ing zinc chloride to eliminate inorganic particles proved inefficient and likewise was not used in this study. Depending upon the abundance and preserva- tion of the microfossils recovered by this process, from one to five palynological strew slides of each sample were examined by optical microscopy, as were petrographic thin sections of the microfossil- iferous rock samples. A total of 110 palynological strew slides and 14 petrographic thin sections were studied. Illustrated material is deposited in the collections of the Centro de Pesquisas CEN- PES, PETROBRA ´ S, Rio de Janeiro and dupli- cate strew slides are deposited in the Laboratory C . Simonetti , T .R . Fairchild Precambrian Research 103 2000 1 – 29 7 Table 1 Distribution of taxa in the microfossiliferous levels of the Conselheiro Mata Group in well 1-PSB-13-MG, Montalvaˆnia, MG Depth of core samples m Taxon 696.8 733.6 735.2 927.4 951.7 1005.0 1008.3 1012.7 1029.1 1140.0 1148.0 1154.3 1202.3 1239.7 1250.3 718.8 723.4 731.5 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × Siphonophycus sp. 1 × × Siphonophycus sp. 2 × × × Palaeolyngbya sp. × × cf. Polytrichoides sp. × Nostocales 1 × × × Eosynechococcus medius × × × × × × × × × × Eosynechococcus grandis × Leiosphaeridia ternata × × × × × × × × × × × × Leiosphaeridia sp. 1 × × × × × × × × × × × × Leiosphaeridia sp. 2 × × × × × × × × × × Leiosphaeridia sp. 3 × × × × × × × × × × × × × cf. Glenobotrydion × × Pterospermopsimorpha pileiformis × × × × Form 1 × of Systematic Paleontology, Departamento de Ge- ologia Sedimentar e Ambiental, Instituto de Geocieˆncias, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo. Table 4 Distribution of taxa in microfossiliferous levels of the Bambui Group in well 1-RC-1-GO, Rio Corrente Alvorada do Norte, GO Taxon Stratigraphic unit and depth of core samples in m LJ a SH a 103.6 242.3 431.8 434.8 × × × Leiosphaeridia sp. 1 Leiosphaeridia × × sp. 3 × Huroniospora × sp. a LJ, Lagoa do Jacare´ formation. SH, Serra de Santa Helena formation. Table 2 Distribution of taxa in microfossiliferous levels of the Bambui and Conselheiro Mata Groups in well 1-MA-1-MG, Montal- vaˆnia, MG Taxon Stratigraphic unit and depth of core samples in m Bambui Group Conselheiro Mata Group SL a 202.5 415.1 415.7 × Siphonophycus × sp. 1 Siphonophycus × sp. 2 cf. Polytrichoides × sp. × × Nostocales 1 Eosynechococcus × × medius × × Leiosphaeridia ternata Leiosphaeridia × × sp. 1 Leiosphaeridia × sp. 2 × × Leiosphaeridia sp. 3 cf. Glenobotrydion × × × P. pileiformis a SL, Sete Lagoas formation.

4. Results and discussion