Many linguist made their own certain classification of speech act based on careful examination. Not many differences but bring some significance. The first linguist who defined the
classification was Austin. Austin 1962 distinguish between five classes by which all performative speech acts could be classified according to what it is that the act of uttering is
meant to achieve. So, in essence, Austin set limitations as to the number of possible performative utterance types. These utterance types were Verdictives, Exercitives, Commisives, Behabitives,
and Expositives. Searle 1962, one of Austin’s students who also studied language, goes further than Austin in
providing not only the needed general framework for a theory of speech acts but also a richer specification of the detailed structures of speech acts themselves. .
2.2.1 Types of Speech Act
In this thesis, types of speech act arebased on Searle explanation. The types of speech act are:
A. Locution
Locution a figure of speech a use of a word that diverges from its usual meaning, or a phrase with a specialized meaning not based on the literal meaning of the words in it such as
a metaphor, simile, or personification
Speech Acts locutions is a speech act that states something in the sense of saying or speech acts in the form of sentences that are meaningful and understandable . For example , the teacher told
me that I should help him . Searle calls this speech act locutions dngan term follow- language prepositions because this speech act is only concerned with meaning .
B. Illocution
Illocutionary act is a term in linguistics
introduced by the philosopher John Austin
in his investigation of the various aspects of
speech act .I llocution in society it is very affordable
because it can change people’s point of view, mindset, and even reaction of something that they never think before.
Related with the nation of illocutionary acts is the nation of the consequences or the effects, such acts have the effects on the action, thought, believes of the hearers.
Here is Searles classification for types of illocutions: •
Assertive E.g. stating, claiming, hypothesizing, describing, telling, insisting,
suggesting, asserting, or swearing that something is the case : an illocutionary act that represents a state of affairs.
• Directive
• : an illocutionary act for getting the addressee to do something.
E.g. ordering, commanding, daring, defying, challenging. Commissive
E.g. promising, threatening, intending, vowing to do or to refrain from doing something : an illocutionary act for getting the speaker i.e. the one performing the
speech act to do something.
• Expressive
E.g. congratulating, thanking, deploring, condoling, welcoming, apologizing : an illocutionary act that expresses the mental state of the speaker about an
event presumed to be true.
• Declaration
E.g. blessing, declaring, baptizing, bidding, passing sentence, excommunicating : an illocutionary act that brings into existence the state of affairs to which it
refers.
C. Perlocution
