An Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning In “The Pearl” By John Steinbeck
AN ANALYSIS OF NON- LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL” BY JOHN STEINBECK A THESIS BY RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG REG. NO. 110721015 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013
AN ANALYSIS OF NON- LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL” BY JOHN STEINBECK A THESIS BY RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG REG. NO. 110721015 Supervisor Co-supervisor Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in
English Literature UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN 2013
Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the
Sarjana Sastra Examination.Head Secretary Dr.Muchizar Muchtar, M.S Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held at the Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera
th Utara on August 13 , 2013.
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA. NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. .........................................
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum. ......................................... .........................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Praise to The Lord Jesus Christ for His tender mercy that the writer finally completed this thesis writing. The thesis is aimed at fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
During the process of finishing this thesis, the writer realizes that she got many helps from those who had given much valuable suggestion, educated, guidance, and moral support at a particular time while the completion of this thesis.
The writer would like to express her gratitude to her supervisor and co- supervisor Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum for their generosity, assistance, guidance, advice and precious time they spent on supervising the draft of this thesis. She also gives gratitude to Dr. H. Syahron
Lubis, MA as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S as the Head of English Department, and Dr. Hj.
Nurlela, M.Hum as the Secretary of English Departement for encouragements,
suggestions and administrative help during her academic years at University. Then, gratitude also goes to all lecturers of English Department for their valuable instructions and information.
Greatest thanks are fully dedicated to her dearest parents, her Dad Drs.
Markus Sipayung, M.Si and her Mom Suarni Barus, who have patiently given
i moral, spiritual and financial support, everlasting love and their prayers, together with her beloved sisters : Fiska Marni Sipayung, SE and Anna Elyruspika
Sipayung, SS, S.Pd her little brother Paul Yogaondo Sipayung, her brother-in-law
Wira Dony Gultom, ST and her beloved nephew Giovandro Timothy Gultom for
all unending support and prayer.
Thanks with deep feeling are dedicated to all my friends Extension English
Literature 2011, my juniors SOLIDAS 2010 : Abun Fauji Ridwan ’bences’ and
Rizky ‘kidok’, all my soulmates : Citra, Michael, Azwin, Anastasya and many
others in all study departments at campus that cannot be mentioned one by one, for all memorable moments they shared together. My biggest appreciation also goes to
all my students Senior High School Dharma Bakti Class X, XI, XII period 2012-
2013 especially Hendra, Renaldo, Randy, Roy, Desmon, Riyandi, Eko,
Rolintang, Ikhsan and a English teacher, M a’am MRG there for all supports, times and cares that help me so much to finish this thesis.
Thank you for everybody who has been mentioned, just be sure that all of you will be remembered forever. God bless.
Medan, August 2013 The Writer
RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG Reg. No. 110721015
ii
AUTHOR ’S DECLARATION I , RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG declare that I am the sole author of this thesis.
Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : Date : August 2013
iii Name : RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG
Title of Thesis : An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning i n “The Pearl” by
John Steinbeck Qualification : S-I / Sarjana Sastra Department : English I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed : Date : August 2013 iv
ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul “An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in ‘The Pearl’ by John
Steinbeck ” membahas tentang makna non-literal yang mencakup hiperbola, metafora, simile, litotes, personifikasi, dan ironi yang terdapat di dalam kalimat dan ujaran novel The Pearl. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah menganalisis penggunaan makna non-literal yang terdapat di dalam novel The Pearl berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli seperti F. R. Palmer (1981) dan John I. Seed (1997). Metode yang dipakai dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan cara memecahkan masalah penelitian dengan memaparkan keadaan objek yang sedang diselidiki dengan menggunakan formula yang telah ditentukan. Dari analisis data ditemukan 40 makna non-literal dalam novel The Pearl, yang terdiri dari 9 hiperbola (22,5%), 16 metafora (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personifikasi (17,5%), 1 ironi (2,5%). Sedangkan litotes tidak ditemukan di dalam novel The Pearl. v
ABSTRACT
The title of thesis "An Analysis of Non-Literal Meaning in 'The Pearl' by John Steinbeck" discusses about non-literal meaning which is including hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification, and irony are contained sentences and utterances in novel The Pearl. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use of non- literal meaning contained in novel The Pearl by semantic theory of some experts like F. R. Palmer (1981) and John I. Seed (1997). The method used in this thesis is qualitative and quantitative methods, that is by solving the research problem by describing the state of the object being investigated by using a predetermined formula.
After analyzing data, there is 40 non-literal meaning found in the novel The Pearl, which consists of 9 hyperbole (22,5%), 16 metaphor (40%), 7 simile (17,5%), 7 personification (17,5% ), 1 irony (2,5%). While litotes is not found in novel The Pearl. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................... iAUTHOR’S DECLARATION........................................................................... iii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION.................................................... .................... iv
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................ v
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis................................................
1 1.2 Problem of the Analysis......................................................
4 1.3 Objective of the Analysis...................................................
4 1.4 Scope of the Analysis.........................................................
4 1.5 Significance of the Analysis................................................
5 CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Semantics Theory................................................................
6 2.2 Scope of Semantics.............................................................
7 2.3 Goals of Semantics..............................................................
8 2.4 Sense and Reference...........................................................
9
2.5 Meaning .............................................................................. 10 2.6 Types of Meaning................................................................
10 2.6.1 Linguistic Meaning...........................................................
10 vii
2.6.2 Speaker Meaning............................................................... 11
2.6.2.1 Literal Meaning.............................................................. 11
2.6.2.2 Non Literal Meaning...................................................... 12 2.7 Figurative Language............................................................
13 2.8 Kinds of Figurative Language.............................................
14
2.8.1 Hyperbole.......................................................................... 14
2.8.2 Metaphor........................................................................... 14
2.8.3 Simile................................................................................. 15
2.8.4 Litotes................................................................................ 16
2.8.5 Personification................................................................... 16
2.8.6 Irony.................................................................................. 17
2.9 Novel.................................................................................... 17
2.10 Previous Study.................................................................... 18
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Method................................................................. 19 3.2 Data Collecting Method......................................................
19
3.3 Data Analysis Method......................................................... 19
3.4 Data Analysis Procedures.................................................... 21
CHAPTER IV : FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Finding.................................................................................
22 4.2 Discussion............................................................................
22
4.2.1 Hyperbole.......................................................................... 22
4.2.2 Metaphor............................................................................ 25 viii
4.2.3 Simile................................................................................. 30
4.2.4 Litotes................................................................................ 32
4.2.5 Personification................................................................... 33
4.2.6 Irony................................................................................... 35
4.3 The Frequency....................................................................... 36
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion............................................................................ 37
5.2 Suggestion............................................................................ 37
REFERENCES APPENDICES
ix