Manajemen Laba Real Definisi Operasional Variabel .1 Manajemen Laba Akrual

A4 Environmental Spending max score is 3 1 Summary of dollar savings arising from environment initiatives to the company 0-1 2 Amount spent on technologies, RD andor innovations to enhance environ. perf. andor efficiency 0-1 3 Amount spent on fines related to environmental issues 0-1 SOFT DISCLOSURE ITEMS A5 Vision and Strategy Claims max score is 6 1 CEO statement on environmental performance in letter to shareholders andor stakeholders 0-1 2 A statement of corporate environmental policy, values and principles, environ. codes of conduct 0-1 3 A statement about formal management systems regarding environmental risk and performance 0-1 4 A statement that the firm undertakes periodic reviews and evaluations of its environ. Performance 0-1 5 A statement of measurable goals in terms of future env. performance if not awarded under A3 0-1 6 A statement about specific environmental innovations andor new technologies 0-1 A6 Environmental Profile max score is 4 1 A statement about the firm’s compliance or lack thereof with specific environmental standards 0-1 2 An overview of environmental impact of the industry 0-1 3 An overview of how the business operations andor products and services impact the environment. 0-1 4 An overview of corporate environmental performance relative to industry peers 0-1 A7 Environmental Initiatives max score is 6 1 A substantive description of employee training in environmental management and operations 0-1 2 Existence of response plans in case of environmental accidents 0-1 3 Internal Environmental Awards 0-1 4 Internal Environmental Audits 0-1 5 Internal certification of environmental programs 6 Community involvement andor donations related to environ. if not awarded under A1.4 or A2.7 0-1 Sumber: Clarkson et al 2008 Penjelasan pemberian nilai untuk Kategori A3 The scoring scale of environmental performance data is from 0 to 6. A point is awarded for each of the following items: 1 Performance data is presented 2 Performance data is presented relative to peersrivals or industry 3 Performance data is presented relative to previous periods trend analysis 4 Performance data is presented relative to targets 5 Performance data is presented both in absolute and normalized form 6 Performance data is presented at disaggregate level i.e. plant, business unit, geographic segment Dari item yang diungkapkan maka akan di berikan skor seperti yang tertera di atas pada setiap pengungkapan baik itu hard disclosure maupun soft disclosure akan diberikan penilaian. Pada kategori A1, A2, A4, A5, A6, A7 apabila item didalam kategori tersebut di ungkapkan dalam annual report maka akan di beri nilai 1, dan apabila tidak diungkapkan akan beri nilai 0. Sedangkan hanya pada kategori A3 memiliki nilai yang berbeda mulai dari 1 sampai dengan 6. Akan diberikan nilai 0 apabila didalam item tersebut tidak diungkapkan. Total skor item dari kategori A1 sampai dengan A7 apabila diungkapkan semua akan memiliki skor maksimum 95. Setelah mengidentifikasi item yang diungkapkan oleh perusahaan didalam laporan tahunan, serta mencocokkannya pada check list, hasil pengungkapan item yang diperoleh dari setiap perusahaan dihitung indeksnya dengan proksi GRI. Adapun rumus untuk menghitung hard environmental disclosure sebagai berikut: = Keterangan: CEDI j = Corporate Environmental Disclosure Index perusahaan j ΣXyj = jumlah score dari item y diungkapkan perusahaan j