Volume 10, Number 1, January 2016 (Serial Number 92)

1. Introduction 

MtDNA genome encodes 13 oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, two rRNA, tRNA, 22 necessary for protein synthesis and a control region (D-loop), in which begin and end of all the replication of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mitochondrial DNA is traditionally used in population genetics as a marker of choice to characterize the phylogeny [1]. Many researchers have drawn attention to the functional role of mtDNA, and drew attention to the direct use of mitochondrial data for the needs of ecology and evolution [2-4]. Reparation mechanisms at the level of mtDNA quickly remove most of harmful mutations. However non-correction mechanism of mtDNA sequences affects the quality of production mitochondrial enzymes and therefore their effective share in the overall energy metabolism of the cell. These changes affect the male generative cells to a much greater extent in comparison with influencing somatic cells or female generative cells. Sperm have high power requirements relative to the motility, the amount of the mitochondria is only a fraction compared to the other cells [5-8]. It follows that any mutation in the mtDNA and following the relative loss of

Corresponding author: Vladimir Parkanyi, RNDr., Ph.D., research fields: genetics, breeding and reproduction of farm animals.

efficiency is least in the complex OXPHOS can significantly reduce sperm function. This is also negatively affected male fertility. However, the occurrence of mtDNA mutations has no significant effect on the vitality of the eggs due to their lower energy requirements. Female fertility is therefore not adversely affected, since maternal inheritance of mtDNA, the mutant haplotype occurring in the population of the female line. This effect was called the “mother’s curse effect” [8]. The mitochondria occupy a central role in the metabolism of the eukaryotic cell [3], in Genetic disease [9], in Genetic Programming death (apoptosis) [10], RFLP identification of species [11] and aging [12]. Authors [11] used five animal species (Mustela vison, Mustela putorius furo, Sus scrofa domesticus, Oryctolagus cuninculus, Anser anser) for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene analysis. Length of PCR product was 359 bp and authors used universal primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism was analyzed by using the restriction endonuclease AluI. Results of cleavage were visualized by using electrophoresis and UV transilluminator. Every animal specie has a unique combination of restriction fragments i.e. Mustela vison 81 bp, 109 bp and 169 bp, Mustela putorius furo 169 bp and 190 bp, Sus scrofa domesticus 115 bp and 244 bp, Oryctolagus cunninculus is not cleaved by

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The Cytochrome b Polymorphism of Meat Lines Rabbits

AluI so it has whole 359 bp fragment on agarose gel, blood, it used the Maxwell DNA Purification Kit. The Anser anser 130 bp and 229 bp. The results suggest

concentration of DNA in the samples was measured on that the method of PCR—RFLP is rapid and simple

a UV/VIS spectrophotometer Nano Photometer method for identification of species. PCR—RFLP can

(Implen). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reliably identify chosen species.

technology has been used for specific segments amplification of isolated small mitochondrial (mtDNA)

2. Material and Methods

male and female rabbits. As a reference was the elution

2.1 Animals solution used to elute the DNA for purification. PCR conditions (PTC-200 DNA Engine, BioRad) were 95

The experimental animals (rabbits) were bred in an for 2 min, 94 °C for 30 sec, 54 °C for 30 sec, 72 °C for approved test facility of Research Institute for Animal

30 sec, 35 cycles, the last step of extension at 72 °C 10 Production (RIAP), National Agricultural a Food min. The PCR reaction volume (25 μL) containing 10 Centre Nitra, Slovakia. Cytochrome b mtDNA was mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.6 at 25 °C, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM analysed from samples of peripheral whole blood MgCl2, Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs 0.2 mM each, (collected from a. auricularis centralis to heparinised 5% glycerol, 0.08% Igepal CA-630, 0.05% Tween-20) tubes; Heparin, 25,000 IU, 4 μL/1 mL) from 18 males (New England Biolabs), 10 pmol/ μL each primer and 24 females breeding parental generation and their (ORYCTO-cyt b-21nt-FOR and ORYCTO-cyt

F 1 generation of the original meat lines (M91 and P91) b-20nt-REV), and the mtDNA samples. The amplified rabbits bred in RIAP Nitra. mtDNA was electrophoretically separated on a 2% Females of the parental generation were divided agarose gel containing ethidium bromide at 80 mA, into two groups: 1.—experimental group (12 animals) 120 V in 10 mM lithium borate buffer, pH 8.0 during was subjected to strict divergent selection and

90 min.

selection criteria should be more stringent (selected female had to have at least three litters with 7-10 live

3. Results and Discussion

kits). 2.—control group (12 animals) had at least three PCR products were visualized under UV light and litters a large variation range of live-born kits at birth photographed using a documentation system MiniBis 1-15 kits. The animals were housed in individual Pro (Bio-Imaging Systems) (Fig. 1). It was detected cages, under a constant photoperiod of 14 h of light 692 bp long fragment of Oryctolagus day. Temperature and humidity in the building were cuniculus_cytochrome b (OCU07566 GenBank, NCBI, recorded continuously by means of a thermograph USA) rabbit mitochondrial DNA. To find a definition

positioned at the same level as the cages (average of the analyzed section of mtDNA was applied in the

relative humidity and temperature during the year was laboratory designed synthetically produced

maintained at 60 ± 5% and 17 ± 3 °C). The rabbits were fed ad libitum with a commercial diet (KV;

oligonucleotides (Table 1).

The result of AluI restriction analysis of the PCR TEKRO Nitra, Ltd.) and water was provided ad

product is the same, fragments arise which are libitum with nipple drinkers. The treatment of the

animals was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture analyzed by agarose electrophoresis and microchip and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic, no.

MCE®-202 MultiNA (Shimadzu) (Figs. 1 and 2). On SK P 28004 and Ro 2058/06-221/1c.

the basis of the restriction fragment was detected by two types of AluI RFLP of mtDNA b -CYT

2.2 Cytochrome b mtDNA Analysis (OCU07566 GenBank, NCBI, USA) 306-262-124bp

For isolation of mtDNA from heparinized peripheral and 430-262bp. Based on the experimental rabbits

18 The Cytochrome b Polymorphism of Meat Lines Rabbits

Table 1 Oligonucleotides for detection of partial cytochrome b Oryctolagus cuniculus (OCU07566 GenBank, NCBI, USA).

Sequence (5´-3´)

Anneal. temperature (°C)

Extent (bp)

ORYCTO-cyt b-FOR CTA TCA GCA ATC CCA TAT ATC

54.0 ºC

ORYCTO-cyt b-REV CTT CAT TTG AGG ATT TTG TT

Fig. 1 Alu I cleavage of cytochrome b 692 bp PCR product visualised on 2% Agarose gel by MiniBis Pro (Bio-Imaging Systems). Haplotype cyt b 430 = samples M16, E35, F27, F53; haplotype cyt b 306 = samples E15 and E77; NK = negative control, M = 50 bp DNA Ladder (Jena Bioscience).

were divided into two haplotype groups cyt b 430 and

4. Conclusions

cyt b 306. Haplotype cyt b 430 is 571A (Threonine-T) The new haplotype cyt b 306 A571G polymorphism

+ 877G (Alanine-A). Haplotype cyt b 306 is presented of meat lines rabbits mtDNA (cell line LEU-RAB) is A571G nucleotide substitution, i.e., 571G (Alanine A)

registered and described as BioSample: + 877G (Alanine-A).

SAMN03701526; Sample name: cyt b O.C. (Model This nucleotide change is a causal consequence of

organism or animal sample from Oryctolagus the conversion and translational changes in the peptide

cuniculus), in NCBI, USA: chain, where an essential amino acid Threonine-T is

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample/3701526 and replaced with Alanine amino acid -A190. Haplotype

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/284428. cyt b 430 is defined by one restriction site (877G) (Fig.

Application of these genetic and molecular methods 3). While cyt b 306 is a new haplotype defined by two

is very useful for breeding of livestock and protection restriction sites 571G and 877G (Fig. 4).

of biodiversity.

The Cytochrome b Polymorphism of Meat Lines Rabbits

Fig. 2 The rabbit cytochrome b: PCR-RFLP (AluI) results. The Microchip electrophoresis MCE ® -202 MultiNA. 1-2: X1-1 and X1-2 = phiX174 DNA/Hae III Markers (Promega), 3-13: samples, 14: negative control.

571 541 t t t c a c t t c a t c t t g c c a t t t a t c a t t g c a a c t t t a g t c t t a a t t FHFI LPFI I ATLVLI 190 586 c a c c t c c t c t t t c t a c a t g a a a c t g g c t c c a a c a a c c c c a c a g g a HLLFLHETGSNNPTG 631 a t t c c t t c a a a c t c a g a t a a a a t c c c t t t c c a c c c c t a c t a c a c a

I P S NS DKI P F HP YYT 676 a t c a a a g a c a c c c t a g g t t t c c t t g t a g c c a t t c t t c t c c t c c t t

I KDTLGFLVAI LLLL 721 a t t t t a g t c c t a t t t t c a c c a g a c c t a t t a g g a g a c c c a g a c a a c

I LVLFSPDLLGDPDN 766 t a c a c c c c t g c c a a c c c c c t t a a t a c c c c t c c c c a t a t c a a a c c a

YT P ANP L NT P P HI KP 811 g a a t g a t a c t t t c t a t t t g c c t a c g c t a t c c t a c g c t c t a t t c c a

E WYF L F AYAI L RS I P

877 856 a a t a a a c t c g g a g g a g t c c t a g c t c t a g t c c t a t c c a t c c t t g t t

NKL GGVL AL VL S I L V

Fig. 3 Haplotype cyt b 430: AluI Cytochrome b (GenBank OCU07566) = 430-262bp, 571A (190Threonine-T) + 877G (292Alanine-A).

20 The Cytochrome b Polymorphism of Meat Lines Rabbits

571 541 t t t c a c t t c a t c t t g c c a t t t a t c a t t g c a g c t t t a g t c t t a a t t FHFI LPFI I AALVLI 190 586 c a c c t c c t c t t t c t a c a t g a a a c t g g c t c c a a c a a c c c c a c a g g a

HLLFLHETGSNNPTG 631 a t t c c t t c a a a c t c a g a t a a a a t c c c t t t c c a c c c c t a c t a c a c a

I P S NS DKI P F HP YYT 676 a t c a a a g a c a c c c t a g g t t t c c t t g t a g c c a t t c t t c t c c t c c t t

I KDTLGFLVAI LLLL 721 a t t t t a g t c c t a t t t t c a c c a g a c c t a t t a g g a g a c c c a g a c a a c

I L VL F S P DL L GDP DN 766 t a c a c c c c t g c c a a c c c c c t t a a t a c c c c t c c c c a t a t c a a a c c a YT P ANP L NT P P HI KP 811 g a a t g a t a c t t t c t a t t t g c c t a c g c t a t c c t a c g c t c t a t t c c a

E WYF L F AYAI L RS I P

877 856 a a t a a a c t c g g a g g a g t c c t a g c t c t a g t c c t a t c c a t c c t t g t t

NKLGGVLALVLSI LV

Fig. 4 Haplotype cyt b 306: AluI Cytochrome b (GenBank OCU07566) = 306-262-124 bp, 571G (190Alanine-A) + 877G (292Alanine-A).

Acknowledgments

“Mitochondrial DNA Content of Human Spermatozoa.” Biology of Reproduction 68: 180-5.

This work was supported by the Slovak Research [7] Dowling, D. K., Friberg, U., and Lindell, J. 2008. and Development Agency under the contract No. “Evolutionary Implications of Non-neutral Mitochondrial Genetic Variation.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23:

APVV-0044-12.

546. [8] Gemmell, N. J., Metcalf, V. J., and Allendorf, F. W. 2004.

References

“Mother’s Curse: the Effect of mtDNA on Individual [1] Avise, J. C., Arnold, J., and Ball, R. M. 1987.

Fitness and Population Viability.” Trends in Ecology & “Intraspecific Phylogeography—the Evolution 19: 238. Mitochondrial—DNA Bridge between [9] Graeber, M. B., and Muller, U. 1998. “Recent Population—Genetics and Systematics.” Annual Review

Developments in the Molecular Genetics of of Ecology and Systematics 18: 489-522.

Mitochondrial Disorders.” J. Neurol. Sci. 153: 251-63. [2] Ballard, J. W. O., and Whitlock, M. C. 2004. “The

[10] Kroemer, G., Dallaporta, B., and Resche, R. 1998. “The Incomplete Natural History of Mitochondria.” Molecular

Mitochondrial Death/Life Regulator in Apoptosis and Ecology 13: 729-44.

Necrosis.” Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: 619-42. [3] Brand, M. D. 1997. “Regulation Analysis of Energy

[11] Minarovic, G., Trakovicka, A., Rafayova, A., and Metabolism.” J. Exp. Biol. 200: 193-202.

Lieskovska, Z. 2010. “Animal Species Identification by [4] Corpet, F. 1988. “Multiple Sequence Alignment with

PCR—RFLP of Cytochrome b.” Scientific Papers: Hierarchical Clustering.” Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 10881-90.

Animal Science and Biotechnologies 43: 296-9. [5] Cummins, J. 1998. “Mitochondrial DNA in Mammalian

[12] Wei, Y. H. 1998. “Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Reproduction.” Review of Reproduction 3: 172-82.

DNA Mutations in Human Aging.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. [6] Diez-sanchez, C., Ruiz-pesini, E., and Lapen, A. C. 2003.

Med. 217: 53-63.

Journal of Life Sciences 10 (2016) 21-32

doi: 10.17265/1934-7391/2016.01.004

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Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

Khalid Falih Hassan, Suadad Awad Kadhim, Noor Nihad Baqer and Elaaf Safa Al-deen Hassan Ministry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Water and Environment, Baghdad 10001, Iraq

Abstract: The intensity of Magnetic field by 200, 300 and 400 gaos were selective to study their impacts on bacteria Bacillus, Pseudomonas and yeasts Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Issatchenkia orientalis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa growth and to reduce organic pollutants in wastewater by COD, TOC, TN and TP in concentrations of 180, 75, 52 and 84 ppm in pH 7.6 and treatment periods of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h in batch system. Results showed that magnetic field 300 gaos had higher ability to increase bacterial and yeasts growth by 400-600% in 18 h and reduced COD, TOC, TN and TP by 88, 85, 90 and 98.5% in same period treatment. While, the intensity of magnetic field 200 and 400 gaos have no effect on microorganisms growth and reducing organic pollutants. This study is first record for showing and explaining the positive effective of magnetic field on microorganisms growth.

Key words: Magnetic, yeast, bacteria, increase growth, biodegradation, wastewater.

1. Introduction  highly efficiency for breakage of organic material soluble by enzymatic analysis [2].

The waste water represents of the major sources of Proved [3] in their study the ability of bacteria pollution to water bodies after being discharged into Chromatium and Bacillus consume sulfate rivers without proper or partial treatment as it contains significantly, in addition to nitrates and nitrites from toxic organic substances that lead to a decline in polluted water and reduce their concentrations natural water; and disruption the balance of the significantly. It has proven in considerable studies that environment which causes the occurrence of water bacteria have the ability to consume organic pollution. Wastewater treatment processes rely on substances, hydrocarbon, phosphorus compounds and assimilation of microorganisms and enzymatic nitrogen because its system of enzymatic active that effectiveness in breakage chains carbon of soluble adopted on the basis of transferring energy which organic pollutants; as sewage water contains many of represented of Carbon from bacteria species to another the aliphatic, aromatic, phenolic compounds and

toluene, which are toxic and carcinogenic compounds Bacteria are divided into several classifications [1]. The bacteria are considered as the efficient according to their ability of assimilation and breaking microorganisms in biological treatments for waste down such as Hydrolytic Bacteria, that secrete a group water. It has the ability to secrete a wide range of of enzymes working in the fragmentation of analysis enzymes that break down organic substance polysaccharides, fats and proteins convert into organic and hydrocarbon and converting them into simple acids, amino acids and other simpler compounds. compounds; and adsorption a lot of heavy elements on While, Fermentative Bacteria that work to convert the cell wall, in addition to its deployment in all these compounds into alcohol and fatty acid, then aquatic body and rapid growth. Bacillus, Acetogenic Bacteria convert it into Acetate and Pseudomonas and some Micrococcus strains have hydrogen. Whilst, Degradable Bacteria are working to

break down these compounds and convert it into Corresponding author: Khalid Falih Hassan, B.Sc . Biology,

research field: treatment technology of environment and water.

carbon dioxide and water [5].

22 Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

Magnetic energy is an important role in the

of contaminants efficiently.

regulation of all forms life on the Earth’s surface, and As well as the magnetic field used in different it has a very important role in regulating vital

intensities for killing bacteria and elimination, they functions of all living organisms. Water significantly

showed [8-10] effectiveness of the magnetic field in influenced by magnetic fields and composed of an

killing of different species of bacteria like atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, which

Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli. gives it a polar character (bipolar charge). Water

Showed a study [11] the efficiency of the magnetic molecule is not exist as individual molecule in nature

field in the reduction of pollutants from waste water but it is formation as cluster, it is smallest unit

for dyes industry and demonstrated that used of the building for water that its size depend on the number

magnetic field has affected significantly on declining molecules which are entering to formation of water

of concentrations COD, NH4 and PO4 by rate 40-60% clusters and associated bonds with one another. The

of the waste water.

magnetic field contributes on the re-arrangement of Proved [12] in their study the deadly impact for the the crystalline formation for water, which gives

lower intensities of the magnetic field on bacteria physical characteristic of water and it enables to

Bacillus. Furthermore, it showed study [13] the penetrate the micro membranes faster through of

efficient use of the magnetic field to reduce the orderly arrangement of molecules, as well as the

concentrations of phosphate from sewage at rates magnetic field leads to increase the intra-spacing of

large.

molecules and reduce the surface tension and thereby The current study is first of its kind, in increase the solubility of oxygen [6].

interpretation of the positive influence of the magnetic The magnetic property of the water utilized

field to increase the bacterial growth density and its physically to develop the effective techniques for

exploitation in biodegradation of organic pollutants of treatment waste water by using a magnetic field

wastewater, while all global studies focused on the use including CoMag technique which uses to acceleration

of magnetic technique to kill bacteria, or did not the sedimentation and Coagulation processes in waste

interested about the positive aspect of the magnetic water treatment plants, as well as BioMass technology

field to increase the density the growth of these uses different intensity of magnetic field to increase

microorganisms and interpretation of this positive the amount of Bioflox and thus increase the efficiency

effect.

of wastewater treatment plants, these techniques have This study aims to experiment a range of intensities been adopted on influence in physical characteristics

magnetic field to increase the density of microbiology of the materials suspended and clumping rapid by

growth and raise the efficiency of biodegradation of using magnetic technique [6].

organic Pollutants in the wastewater. Global studies focused on using magnetic technique

2. Material and Method

in the industrial, medical and agricultural areas and benefiting from the positive physical effects on water

2.1 Collection and Preparing Sampling molecule. In a study [7] on the reduction of the

Sample of waste water collected from precipitation concentration of organic contaminants from waste

of secondary stage Russtamyia Treatment Plant to water olive oil industry by using magnetic treatment of waste water by using plastic bottles (5 L nanoparticles they indicated the positive effect of

for each one) transferred to laboratory. Samples these magnetic particles to change character filtered by vaccum pump and using nitrocellulose wastewater physically and reduce the concentrations

filter paper with pore size 0.45 µM for

Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

experimentation. Other samples collected from waste differential) for differentiated bacterial species to water by sterile glass bottles (100 mL for each one)

obtain pure bacterial colonies. Biochemical tests were for isolation and diagnosis bacteria and yeast.

used to diagnose bacterial species. Bacillus was isolated and diagnosed of depending on method [17].

2.2 Cultivation Media Pure isolation of the bacteria Pseudomonas

Potato dextrose agar, yeast extract agar, Simon aeruginosa was diagnosed by VITEK 2 compact Citrate agar, Urea agar base, Nutrient agar, system in bacteriology lab/research and water MacConkey agar, Eosinmethylene blue, Pseudomonas

laboratories center/water and environment agar, Glucose azide agar.

directorate/ministry of science and technology.

2.5.3 Test Precipitation of Salting Protein (salting

2.3 Chemical Tests

out) [18]

Concentration of oxygen demand (COD), total The protein of milk was used for testing organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP) and total

precipitation of salting protein to demonstrate the nitrogen (TN) were measured in wastewater sample

influence of a magnetic field on salt bridges, those before and after treatment, adopted on a standard

which are linking of amino acids together and forming method of analysis [14].

proteins. 100 gm of powder protein was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water and ammonium chloride

2.4 Isolation, Cultivation and Diagnosis of Yeasts was added to reach for saturation up to 60 g/100 mL

Yeasts isolated from waste water, PDA was

of distilled water.

prepared and added antibiotic chloramphenicol (prepared by dissolving 250 gm from antibiotic to 250

2.6 Magnets

ml of D.W). One milliliter of sample was put in sterile The use of magnet dipole (Fig. 1) that consists of plates and then PDA was added in plates that contain

two poles linked with a rod metal, through which a the samples. Plates were incubated in 27 °C for 48 h.

degree of magnetic intensities is controlled by moving Swabs were taken from each colony by using sterile

the poles to get the intensities required, a set of loop for cultivating in new plates with PDA by

magnetic intensity was tested to choose the best of streaking method then incubation in 27 °C for 48 h.

positive effect on reducing the concentration of After that, yeasts were diagnosed by biochemical tests

pollutants in waste water and increase of microbial according to the key classification [15] (Table 1).

growth rates.

2.5 Isolation, Cultivation and Diagnosis of Bacteria

2.5.1 Total Count of Bacteria TPC One milliliter of waste water sample cultured by spreader method on nutrient agar by using dilution then plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and then the colonies were counted by colony counter [16].

2.5.2 Isolation and Diagnosis of Bacteria One milliliter of sample waste water cultured by spreader method on nutrient agar, incubated plates for

24 h at 37 °C. A swab from each bacterial colony was

transferred to diagnostic media (selective and Fig. 1 Dipole magnets used in the experiments.

24 Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

2.7 Experiments mL by sterile glass bottles and the number of bacteria counted via using Hemocytometer before and after

2.7.1 The Magnetization Effect on Reduction exposure to intensities of magnetic field 200, 300, 400 Pollutants gaos for period 2, 4, 6, 18 h. The number of bacteria Unsterile sample of waste water was exposed to was counted via using of Hemocytometer. intensities of magnetic field 200, 300, 400 gaos for

period 2, 4, 6, 18 h and measured of factors which

2.8 Calculations

included biochemical COD, TOC, TP and TN for The cells number of yeasts was enumerated by samples before and after magnetization as indicator of Hemocytometer (counting chamber) [16] according to pollution. Sample has been chosen from waste water

equation:

without magnetization as a control group, which is (1) The number of cell (cell/ml) = the number of measured in the same previous factors and the same

cell in 4 squares × 4 × 10

period of intensities magnetic field. (2) The total number of bacteria TPC = the number

2.7.2 The Magnetization Effect on Yeasts of bacterial cell × 1/dilution factor Pure cultures of yeasts (Candida glabrata, Candida (3) Measurement of bacteria’s size: measured size dubliniensis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Issatchenkia of bacterial cells by method [19, 20] through of the orientalis) were used and grown in nutrient broth in calibration ocular micrometer lenses of microscopic volume 50 mL by sterile glass bottles and the number (4) The percentage reduction of concentration of yeasts was counted via using of Hemocytometer pollutants after 18 h = Concentration of control after before and after exposure to intensities of magnetic

18 h—the magnetization after 18 h/Concentration of field 200, 300, 400 gaos.

control after 18 h × 100

2.7.3 The Magnetization Effect on Total Count of Bacteria

3. Results and Discussion

Unsterile sample of waste water was exposed to

3.1 Isolation and Diagnosis of Yeast intensities of magnetic field 200, 300, 400 gaos for

period 18 h. Sample has been chosen from waste Table 1 shows the results of biochemical tests for water without magnetization as a control group. One

diagnosis yeasts Candida dubliniensis, Candia glabrata, milliliter of waste water sample cultured by spreading

Issatchenkiaorientalisand Rhodotorulamcilaginosa method on nutrient agar ,plates incubated for 24 h at

that isolated from waste water [21]. In their study

37 °C and then the growing of colonies were counted proved the presence of Candida dubliniensisand by colony counter .

Candida glabrata in waste water [22]. It has proven it

2.7.4 The Magnetization Effect on Bacteria is efficient in reducing concentration of phosphorous Pure cultures of bacteria used (Pseudomonas,

compound significantly. Shaym and Neelam [23] Bacillus) were grown in nutrient broth in volume 50

demonstrated in their study isolated yeasts Candida

Table 1 Biochemical tests for diagnosis of yeasts species in waste water.

Sugar Assimilation

Yeast species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Candida dubliniensis

- + + Candida glabrata

- - - Issatchenkiaorientalis

+ Weak + 1—Urealysis, Sugar Assimilation: 2—Glucose 3—Inulin 4—Sucrose 5—Raffinose 6—Lactose 7—Trehalose 8—Maltose 9—D-Xylose 10—D-Arabinose 11—L-Arabinose 12—Manitol 13—Simon citrate .

Rhodotorulamucilaginosa +

Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

dubliniensisand Candia glabrata from waste water the TOC, TN and TP during the period of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h efficiency of these species in reducing concentrations

after exposure to intensity of magnetic field 200 gaos. of phosphorus and organic compounds.

The concentration of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP before magnetism was 180, 75, 52 and 84 ppm

3.2 The Magnetic Field Effect on the Reduction of respectively. These values decreased, as COD value Concentrations Pollutants from Wastewater oscillated from 168-105 ppm. Whereas, TOC was

Table 2 shows the reduction of pollutants from value from 72-48 ppm, while, TN value was ranged unsterile waste water in term of factors COD, from 49-28 ppm. As for, TP value fluctuated from TOC, TN and TP during the period of 2, 4, 6 and

83-57 ppm during the period of magnetization.

18 h without treatment by magnetic field intensities, Table 4 shows the reduction of pollutants from which considered as control. The concentrations

unsterile waste water by indicating of factors COD, factors of COD, TOC, TN and TP were 180, 75, 52

TOC, TN and TP during the period of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h and 84 ppm respectively. These values decreased,

after treatment by intensity of magnetic field 300 gaos. as COD value oscillated from 178-121 ppm. Whereas,

The concentration of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP TOC value was from 74-58 ppm, while, TN value

before magnetism was 180, 75, 52 and 84 ppm was ranged from 51-38 ppm. As for, TP value

respectively. These values decreased, as COD value fluctuated from 82-64 ppm during the period of

oscillated from 168-22 ppm. Whereas, TOC value was treatment.

from 72-11 ppm, while, TN value was ranged from Table 3 appears the reduction of pollutants from

49-0.5 ppm. As for, TP value fluctuated from 83-1.2 unsterile waste water by indicating of factors COD,

ppm during the period of magnetization.

Table 2 It shows the reduction of pollutants by indicating of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP for waste water sample (control group).

The concentration after treatment (ppm) Test

The concentration before treatment (ppm)

Table 3 It shows the reduction of pollutants by indicating of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP for waste water sample treated magnetically by 200 gaos for period the magnetization of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h.

The concentration The concentration after treatment (ppm) Test before treatment (ppm)

Table 4 It shows the reduction of pollutants by indicating of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP for waste water sample treated magnetically by 300 gaos for period the magnetization of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h.

The concentration The concentration after treatment (ppm) Test

before treatment (ppm) 2h 4h 6h 18 h COD

22 TOC

75 72 71 54 11 TN

52 49 44 35 0.5 TP

26 Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

Table 5 It shows the reduction of pollutants by indicating of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP for waste water sample treated magnetically by 400 gaos for period the magnetization of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h.

The concentration

The concentration after treatment (ppm)

Test before treatment (ppm) 2h 4h 6 h 18 h

Table 5 shows the reduction of pollutants from for the occurrence biodegradation by enzymatic unsterile waste water by indicating of factors COD,

analysis [6, 26].

TOC, TN and TP during the period of 2, 4, 6 and 18 h Arts [2] proved in their study the ability of bacteria after treatment by intensity of magnetic field 400 gaos.

Psuedomonas and Bacillus in consumption of sulphate The concentration of factors COD, TOC, TN and TP

significantly, in addition to nitrates and nitrites from before magnetism was 180, 75, 52 and 84 ppm

polluted water and reduce their concentrations respectively. These values decreased, as COD value

significantly.

oscillated from 178-138 ppm. Whereas, TOC value Nwaogu [27] showed the ability of bacteria Bacillus was from 72-55 ppm, while, TN value was ranged

in reduction of phosphate, nitrates and nitrites from from 49-35 ppm. As for, TP value fluctuated from

polluted water and convert it to stored food granules 83-60 ppm during the period of magnetization.

in their cells, as bacteria rely in its analytical activities The results of current study show high efficiency to

of organic materials, it based on the needs of the magnetic field with intensity 300 gaos in the reduction

important elements in the growth and division process. of pollutants by indicating of factors COD, TOC, TN

Bacteria need essential elements (macroelements) and TP from waste water, as the rate of decline was 88,

such as, carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur; as

85, 90, 98.5% respectively after 18 h. Whilst, the rate well as, need microelements like calcium, iron, of decline to the control group was 33, 23, 27, 24%

potassium, sodium, magnesium and some metals respectively. The result [24] in their study on Dairy

(cobalt, manganese, nickel and zinc). Bacteria degrade Wastewater and Domestic Sewage, it has been proven

long chains from the organic matter to get the carbon the efficiency magnetic field on reduction of COD,

element, releasing oxygen and hydrogen for N-NH4, P-PO4 at rate 55, 66, 70% respectively.

consumption. The nitrogen component is gotten Glenn [25] proved the ability of magnetic field to

through ammonium compounds, nitrates, nitrites and reduce the concentration of pollutants in fresh water

ammonia; and is gotten phosphorus from phosphate and sewage at high rates.

compounds in chemical formula H2PO4-, HPO4-2, The magnetic field effects on the physical PO4-3 [28, 29]. Yeasts are of the microorganism that properties of water by reducing the surface tension to

is efficient in biodegradation of organic pollutants in the watery body and hence the increase of the

sewage water. Abdullahi [30] in their study showed solubility of oxygen, which leads to increase aerobic

the efficiency of Candida and Rhodotorula in oxidation processes. On the other hand, the magnetic

reducing concentrations of pollutants and the use of field works to rearrange the molecules regularly,

these yeast in biofiltration with efficiently for more leading to increase in the spacing between them and

than 40%, as well as, Woertz et al. [31] demonstrated the penetration of the necessary oxygen molecules for

the effectiveness of black yeast oxidative processes. It provides more space surface to

Exophialalecanii-corni to eliminate of toluene from microorganism for moving through the watery body

waste gas streams. The results of current study [32]

Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

proved that the positive influences magnetic are total number of bacteria for a period of magnetization affected by positive and negative ions and the amount

2, 4, 6 and 18 h, the total number before treatment was of organic material. The effect is physically through

224-228 colony/mL but using the intensity of the arrangement of molecules in the watery body and

magnetic field 300 gaos was 228-2,200 colony/mL reduces the surface tension, so increase the solubility

respectively. The total number of bacteria approach to of oxygen, which leads to increase oxidative aerobic

control group, when using intensity 200 gaos was for organic and inorganic pollutants. As well as, the

225-444 colony/mL. While the effect was negatively results [33] proved in their study on the influence of

on the total number of bacteria when using intensity magnetic field on waste water that the selection of the

400 gaos compared with control group. appropriate magnetic intensity had a significant

3.4 The Positive Effect of Magnetic Field on Bacteria positive impact in reducing the concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus spp pollutants, as well as proved that for each type of

waste has the intensity of a magnetic effective affect Tables 7 and 8 show the effect of field magnetic depending on the concentration of salts, ions, organic

with intensity 300 gaos on the growth of bacteria matter, hydrocarbon and the nature of its molecular

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus spp. for a structure, and this has been proved by the current

period of magnetization 2, 4, 6 and 18 h. The number study. When using intensities magnetic 200 and 400

of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 450-452 cell/mL gaos on waste water there was no impact of effective

after period of magnetization increased, the number of these ratios and were reduced concentrations of 4 bacteria 450-44 × 10 compared with control 450-850

pollutants approaching to the value of the control cell/mL. The number of Bacillus spp. was 350-354 group.

cell/mL before magnetization, while the number was 360-44 × 10 4 cell/mL after magnetization compared

3.3 The Positive Impact of the Magnetic Field on the with control 350-750 cell/mL whereas the intensity of Total Number of Bacteria 200 gaos did not appear of effective on growth bacteria

Table 6 shows the positive effect of field magnetic and approach from control but the intensity of 400 with intensity 200, 300, 400 gaos on increasing the

gaos appeared negatively effect on growth of bacteria.

Table 6 It shows the effect of intensities magnetic field by 200, 300, 400 on the total of bacteria after 2, 4, 6, 18 h magnetization.

The total number of bacteria The total number of bacteria after treatment (colony/mL) Groups

before treatment (colony/mL) 2h 4h 6h 18 h Control

448 Magnetization 200 gaos 225

444 Magnetization 300 gaos 228

2,200 Magnetization 400 gaos 225

Table 7 It shows the effect of intensities magnetic field on growth of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 2, 4, 6, 18 h magnetization.

The total number of bacteria after magnetization (cell/mL) Bacteria

The total number of bacteria before magnetization (cell/mL) 2h 4h 6h 18 h

850 Magnetization 200 gaos 455

840 Magnetization 300 gaos 452

15 × 10 4 44 × 10 4 Magnetization 400 gaos 450

28 Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

Table 8 It shows the effect of intensities magnetic field on growth of bacteria Bacillus spp. after 2, 4, 6, 18 h magnetization.

The total number of The total number of bacteria after magnetization (colony/mL) Bacteria

bacteria before magnetization (colony/mL)

2h 4h 6h 18 h Control

750 Magnetization 200 gaos 352

740 Magnetization 300 gaos 354

25 × 10 2 45 × 10 4 Magnetization 400 gaos 352

Table 9 It shows the effect of intensity magnetic field 300 gaos on growth of yeasts Candida galbrata Issatchenkiaorientalis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida dublinisis after 2, 4, 6, 18 h magnetization.

The number of cell before The number of cell after magnetization (cell/mL) × 10 4 Yeast

magnetization (cell/mL) × 10 4 2h 4h 6h 18 h

2,000 Control

Issatchenkia orientalis 45 56 87 350

Control 48 55 68 78 130 Candida dubliniensis

2,700 Control

45 55 62 80 160 Candida glabrata

3.5 The Positive Effect of Magnetic Field on Yeasts recording of the efficiency of the magnetic field in the Candida glabrata, Issatchenkia orientalis, increased growth of microorganisms and the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Candida dubliniensis

interpretation of this positive impact. Scientific research has focused on the use of magnetic intensity

Table 9 shows the effect of field magnetic with to kill microorganisms and prevent their growth as in

intensity 300 gaos on the growth of yeasts

the study [8-10, 12].

Issatchenkia orientalis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, The magnetic effectiveness based on molecules of Candida dubliniensis and Candida glabrata for a

dipolar within cell wall of bacteria Pseudomonas period of magnetization 2, 4, 6 and 18 h. The number

aeruginosa, Bacillus spp. and yeast Issatchenkia

of yeasts was 40-50 × 10 4 cell/mL before exposure to

orientalis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida the intensity of the magnetic field. After dubliniensis and Candida glabrata. The cell wall of

magnetization the number of Issatchenkia orientalis the microorganisms (bacteria and yeast) is composed

of polysaccharides and protein with some differences mucilaginosa increased to 65-2100 × 10 4 cell/mL, in thickness of the layers and the quality of the

increased to 56-200 × 10 4 cell/mL and Rhodotorula

whilst the number of Candida dubliniensis 57-2700 × polysaccharide and amino acids of the protein

10 4 cell/mL. The increase was in the number of constituent [34]. Gram positive bacteria possess Candida glabrata 65-2800 × 10 4 cell/mL compared

two type of cellular wall as internal and external cell with control group through period of magnetization.

wall, these composed of peptidoglycan, It proved the results of the current study. The large

polysaccharides and Teichoic Acids [35]. Whilst, positive effects showed the intensity of the magnetic

Gram negative bacteria composed of field 300 on increasing the growth of microorganism

lipopolysaccharides and lipoprotein. As well as, the in waste water, as well as, the pure culture of bacteria

yeast cell wall composed of polysaccharides, protein and yeast. The results of this study do not correspond

and chitin [36].

to the local and international studies. It is the first Kim and Giovanni [37] proved that the protein

Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

layers located within the cell wall are composed of magnetic field is working to make changes within the amino acids group (Alanine, Glycine, Leucine, Valine,

crystalline clusters of water molecules for the Treptophan, Isoleucine) that are bipolar because of

presence of salt ions. In study [32], it showed the their terminal groups within the molecular structure as

intensity of magnetic field have influence on the

electrostatic force that exists between water molecules COO-. Proved William et al. [38] the presence of

positive amino group NH 4 and a negative carboxyl

which gives positive physical characteristic to lipopolysaccharides and peptidic polysaccharides, that

dissolve the salts and its precipitation. As study Feng are dipolar via the presence of nitrogen, phosphor and

[41] proved that changing of the crystalline structures groups of carboxyl. The amino acids are linked with

of water by the magnetic field and the presence of salt each other and with layer of polysaccharides within

ions. These studies have shown the efficiency of the cell wall via hydrogen bonds and salt bridges [39],

magnetic field with using its multiple in water to that are linking amino acids together by electrostatic

presence of concentrations of dissolved salt and force (Fig. 2 ).

proved the presence of concentrations salt are Salt bridges and electrostatic forces that linked of

proportional with the magnetic effects. amino acids influenced by the intensity of magnetic

Tests proved measure the dimensions of bacteria field when using of intensity of magnetic field 300 gas,

and yeast cells, the positive impact of the intensity of so the Salt bridges and electrostatic forces lead to

the magnetic field 300 gaos. The dimensions of the dilation of bacterial cell or yeast therefore, the size

bacteria Pseudomonas to the control sample are 40-41 pore in cell wall will expand; thereby, this will

µM, while in the magnetic sample are 51-57 µM, as increase the exchange of materials between the

well as increasing of bacteria size to 25-30% (Fig. 3). organism and its surroundings. This leads to increase

The dimensions of the bacteria Bacillus as in figure 4 in cellular metabolism and raise in the growth. Whilst

for the control sample are 54 µM. the using of intensity magnetic 200, 400 goas that the

Whereas, the magnetic sample are 81 µM. Whilst, salt bridges break, thus the cellular wall degrades and

the dimensions of yeasts are 1.2-1.4 µM in control causes killing of bacteria, this was confirmed by test

sample to 2.3-2.5 µM in magnetic sample, as well as, (salting out) as the precipitation of protein in control

increased in size of cell 100% (Fig. 5). sample however, in the magnetization sample do not

This is evidence of microorganisms elongation by occur sedimentation, this indicate that the intensity of

the magnetic field and its impact on the salt bridges magnetic field affect the salt bridges bond between

and electrostatic forces between amino acids within amino acids. As the study showed [40] the intensity of

the cell wall.

Fig. 2 Salt bridges linkedof amino acids.

30 Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

B—Magnetization A—Without magnetization

Fig. 3 The effect of magnetization on bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

B—Magnetization A—Without magnetization

Fig. 4 The effect of magnetization on bacteria Bacillus.

B—Magnetization A—Without magnetization

Fig. 5 The effect of magnetization on yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa.

Using Magnetic Technique to Increase Efficiency of Organic Pollutants Biodegradation in Wastewater

4. Conclusions

Magnetic Field on Phosphate Pollutants Compounds in Wastewater.” Thirteenth International Water Technology

(1) The intensity of magnetic field 300 gaos has Conference, IWTC 13 2009, Hurghada, Egypt. large positive effects on increasing the growth of [11] Akbar, E., Kensuke, S., Yoshiyuki, B., Masazumi, O., and Shigeo, A. 2006. “Magnetic Removal of Phosphate

bacteria, yeasts and reducing the concentrations of from Wastewater Using Schwertmannite.” Materials pollutants in wastewater at high rates . Transactions 47: 1832-7.

(2) The intensity of magnetic field 200 and 400 [12] Morteza, H., Mohammad, J. M., Mohammad, B., and gaos showed efficient approach to control and did not Saman, S. 2012. “Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Bacillus Growth.” International Journal of Advanced

have a positive impact on the growth of Biotechnology and Research 3: 777-81. microorganisms or reducing the concentration of

[13] Yana, R., Marco, S., and Angelo, C. H. 2013. pollutants in wastewater.

“Photocatalytic Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Magnetic Core Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.”

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Journal of Life Sciences 10 (2016) 33-38

doi: 10.17265/1934-7391/2016.01.005

DAVID PUBLISHING

The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

1 2 3 Peter Jones 1 , Martin Wynn , David Hillier and Daphne Comfort 1. The Business School, University of Gloucestershire, the Park, Cheltenham GL50 2RH, UK

2. School of Computing and Technology, University of Gloucestershire, the Park, Cheltenham GL50 2RH, UK 3. Centre for Police Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales CF37 2DL, UK

Abstract: Life sciences urban developments are a relatively recent phenomenon, and follow the emergence of knowledge based urban developments as a potential driver of urban regeneration and local economic growth. The role of these new centres in transforming the inner cities of some of the UK’s larger conurbations is examined and the key planning issues are discussed. The article concludes that the key principles of urban planning and control must still apply in shaping the role these new developments have in the UK’s evolving urban landscape.

Key words: Life sciences developments, biotechnology centres, urban planning, knowledge city, urban management.

1. Introduction  and urban development issues that these centres have thrown up. In conclusion, the article discusses what

Within a number of British cities, there is growing lessons can be learnt that may be of value in the interest in the role that life sciences developments, establishment of further life sciences centres in the embracing biotechnology, biomedical and medical

UK’s town and cities.

technology and health care, can play in the creation and growth of new businesses, employment, and

2. Life Sciences Urban Developments: Three

urban regeneration. One of the key recommendations

Case Examples

in a recent independent report—designed to review The life sciences are generally seen to embrace the opportunities for growth in Liverpool—is that branches of science such as biology, genetics, ‘immediate priority should go to developing the biochemistry, ecology and medicine that are proposed Bio-Innovation Centre to provide concerned with the structure and behaviour of living growth-stage space, a proof of concept lab, business organisms and their relationships with their support centre and incubator’ [1]. In a similar vein, environments. More specifically the life sciences the Edinburgh Local Development Plan emphasised sector includes businesses and research and development that the Scottish Government has identified the activities operating in medical technology, medical Edinburgh BioQuarter as one of two ‘enterprise biochemistry, industrial biotechnology and healthcare. locations in Edinburgh in recognition of their This is clearly a diverse and rapidly developing sector importance to the national economy’ [2]. This article of the economy, and it has different elements, which examines three recent initiatives to establish life are, in turn, reflected in the names used to describe science centres in the cities of Edinburgh, Manchester developments and development proposals in different and Liverpool in the UK, and assesses the planning urban contexts in the UK. However a few simple

illustrative examples provide a picture of some of the Corresponding author: Martin Wynn, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.,

research fields: information technology and urban planning. characteristics of these developments.

The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

2.1 The Edinburgh BioQuarter The Edinburgh BioQuarter officially opened in

2012 and is located on a 100 acre site adjacent to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary some three miles south of the city centre. It describes itself as ‘being at the heart of Scottish Life Sciences’ and is essentially an academic medical centre that looks to combine biomedical research from the University of Edinburgh with the clinical expertise of NHS Lothian and a team of industry professionals. The BioQuarter is a joint venture between Scottish Enterprise, NHS Lothian, The University of Edinburgh and Alexandria Real Estate Equities Inc. The strategic vision is that the concentration of clinical and academic expertise of the Royal Infirmary, the Queens Medical Research Institute and the Edinburgh Medical School will provide ‘companies locating at BioQuarter with wide ranging access to outstanding facilities, researchers, business support and recruitment opportunities in an environment designed to foster innovation and collaboration.’

The BioQuarter building itself is a three-story multiple occupancy building for life science companies from start-ups to major international businesses, and facilities Include a range of laboratory units, offering between 250 and 700 square feet of space. This space comprises secure freezer rooms, individual serviced office suites, meeting rooms, an audio visual presentation suite, space constructed to ‘shell and core’ finish, ready for bespoke fit out to meet individual company requirements, a manned reception desk and access to catering provision. The building’s amenities also include barrier secured car parking, CCTV monitoring of external and internal public areas, card controlled security access, dedicated facilities for the delivery and storage of chemicals, gases and waste, a dedicated power supply with full generator support, fibre optic connectivity, Wi-Fi in public spaces and a secure IT hub. Scottish Enterprise offer a range of tailored business support services to occupiers as the BioQuarter is located within a Tier 3

area in which small to medium sized companies are eligible for up to 20% financial support in Regional Selective Assistance. Companies who have recently moved into the BioQuarter include R Biomedical, who specialise in research, development and commercialisation of regenerative medicine, and Science Squared, an innovative online communications company, and Marks and Clarks, a firm of attorneys who specialise in patents, trademarks and intellectual property rights.

2.2 The Manchester MediPark The proposed Manchester MediPark, adjacent to

Wythenshawe and the University Hospital in South Manchester, is one of the key components of the Greater Manchester Enterprise Zone. Manchester City Council sees it as ‘a significant opportunity to create growth by developing a focus for world class biosciences, healthcare and related manufacturing and production’ [3]. The proposed Medipark will look to build ‘upon the well-established concentration of health research, learning and clinical expertise’ to facilitate the translation of research into commercial manufacturing. It will provide accommodation for both established businesses, which are looking to use the location as a vehicle for growth and for new businesses planning to capitalise on the research and development capabilities available within this area of the city.

Manchester City Council suggests that a demand analysis has led to the identification of three types of potential occupiers, namely health care related companies; research and development companies; and companies providing supporting facilities. Firstly, there is seen to be a demand for larger floor spaces from commercially driven healthcare and life sciences companies, who will benefit from an association with the MediPark brand. The demand here will be for office space, light industrial, manufacturing and high tech workspaces. This type of space will allow growing companies opportunities to expand and will allow large companies to operate their office and manufacturing

The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

functions in MediPark, alongside their research and small chemistry and biology laboratory suites, clinical trading operations. The research and laboratory support facilities, bookable meeting rooms development companies may be specialist life sciences

and office spaces, a 90 person conference room, and healthcare companies who will require both wet

flexible and open plan networking areas, and business and dry laboratories and fast track clinical trial

support and commercialisation centre offices. facilities. The third group will offer supporting

3. Urban Development and Planning Issues

facilities, including restaurants, crèches, banks, a gym, convenience retail outlets, dry cleaners and a pharmacy,

While local planning authorities adopt their own and as such will provide ‘a rounded real estate offer.’

distinctive approaches to the type of life sciences developments illustrated above, such developments

2.3 The Liverpool BioInnovation Centre have generally generated a positive response. Thus the

The proposed Liverpool BioInnovation Centre, National Planning Policy Framework advises that alongside the new Royal Liverpool hospital in the heart

local authorities should ‘positively seek opportunities of the city, is to be a five storey building offering some

to meet the development needs of their areas’ and that 80,000 square feet of floor space. The Centre has been

‘to help achieve economic growth, local planning designed to have two components. On the one hand, it

authorities should plan proactively to meet the will provide incubation and ‘grow-on’ space while, on

development needs of business and support an the other hand, it will be a development centre to

economy fit for the 21st century’ [4]. At the local provide assistance to support both resident companies

authority level, the proposed development of the and other companies with premises elsewhere to

MediPark is very much in line with Manchester’s become ‘investor ready’ and to assist in the Core Strategy in that its proposed site is designated as commercialisation of their intellectual property plans.

an Economic Improvement Area. More specifically More specifically the development centre is seen to be

the Core Strategy articulates that the proposed vitally important in establishing an integrated business

MediPark site is expected to be developed to provide creation environment to support the development of

health facilities and that it presents an opportunity for new ideas, innovation and both new and growing

growth in research and development related to the companies.

bio-sciences. More locally, some of the key objectives The Centre will provide specialist accommodation to

of the Wythenshawe Strategic Regeneration Strategy allow small and medium sized companies to become

have implications for the proposed MediPark in that established and grow. Here the focus will be on the

they emphasize the importance of education and creation of a dedicated environment for the learning and the enhancement of educational convergence of clinical and academic research and one

opportunities and the development of an integrated designed to bridge what can be a difficult gap between

transport strategy to improve access to jobs. the concept and the market. As such the Centre will act

While local planning authorities have generally as a high profile focus to stimulate and harvest

looked to support life science based developments concepts and research that emerge within the city’s

within their jurisdiction, some have provided specific universities, identify concepts and research findings

guidance to developers. Edinburgh City Council, for that seem likely to have commercial potential, and a

example, have published ‘Supplementary Guidance’ mechanism to refine and support commercial for the proposed extension of the existing BioQuarter applications for investment. More specifically the

in order ‘to realise the full life science potential of the physical accommodation will include a number of

Edinburgh BioQuarter, in a mixed use urban quarter,

36 The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

which protects and enhances the landscape setting of essentially based around providing incentives, the city.’ More specifically the Edinburgh City

collaborative arrangements, a high quality environment Council reports that it will support proposals for

and access to national and international markets, will development within The Edinburgh BioQuarter which

attract new private sector investment and that many of adhere to a number of development principles [9]. The

the employment opportunities created in MediPark will City Council recognises, for example, that a high

be additional to the city region and more generally it density urban form of development will be required to

will ‘make a major contribution to achieving a number allow the development to meet its full potential and

of the City Regions Strategic Economic objectives.’ that this will, in turn, foster a sense of place attractive

A similar range of benefits are claimed for the to workers and visitors. That said, the City Council

development of the Liverpool BioInnovation Centre. stresses that buildings should achieve the highest level

The benefits to the Liverpool City Region are seen to of sustainable design, reduce carbon and greenhouse

include the creation of new employment opportunities gas emissions, and make efficient use of energy

typically creating higher value and higher skilled jobs resources and land. While the City Council suggests

than other sectors, a halo effect, which will enhance the that it will support ancillary uses ‘to promote place

Liverpool City region’s life sciences business image, making and provide local services and evening and

increase the business rate revenue, and foster the weekend activity’ it stresses that ‘the type and quantity

creation and continued growth of an entrepreneurial of ancillary uses must support, not jeopardize, the

culture. More generally the Edinburgh BioQuarter overall life science purpose of the Edinburgh partners suggest that it will bring potential benefits BioQuarter.’ More generally, the City Council also

both to the city and to Scotland, that it will be highly recommends that ‘development at the BioQuarter

significant in terms of the economy and job creation, must respect the site’s sensitive location within the

that it will attract people to work in, stay in, and visit, wider landscape of the city’ and that ‘the extent of

and that it will complement urban regeneration in the development and building heights, particularly on the

surrounding area.

upper slopes, must be carefully managed.’ Manchester City Council argue that the

A wide range of urban/community and economic development of the MediPark will provide a number benefits are currently being claimed for of the type of

of positive benefits for the surrounding community, life sciences based developments illustrated above.

and here the accent is to be on community Manchester City Council, for example, have argued

engagement and on maximizing the opportunities for that the development of the MediPark will deliver

the benefit of local residents. The City Council ‘significant economic impacts and play an important

acknowledges that nearby Wythenshawe is one of the role in the recovery and growth of the City Region from

most deprived areas within the UK and suggests that 2015.’ More specifically the City Council predict that

many of the 2,000 jobs available in MediPark will be the development will eventually accommodate up to

taken by local people, and that this will in turn provide some 2,000 jobs over 12 years with a mix of high tech

a major opportunity to provide opportunities for local and office based employment opportunities. More

students and school leavers and more generally to generally the City Council further estimate the

raise aspirations, particularly amongst youngsters, and development will generate £190 million in Gross Value

to reduce unemployment in the area. At the same time, Added over its lifetime and that this in turn will provide

it is argued that the proposed development will

a further boost to the health sector in and around the provide a boost to the local construction industry and city. The belief is that the development proposals,

generate a range of supply chain opportunities. The

The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

proposed development also includes a number of engendered public support for these developments. The physical improvements, including the establishment of

job and revenue creation potential of these

a new community hub, designed to increase the range developments has also attracted a favourable response, and the quality of community facilities, greater public

particularly in depressed inner city areas. Planners have transport opportunities, and the creation of more

learned to their cost that public involvement is not a pedestrian links, which will all benefit local people.

rubber stamp operation, but rather an essential part of the plan formulation process, concerned with the

4. Concluding Remarks

allocation of resources and development of priorities Within a number of cities there is growing interest

and objectives. This appears to have been managed and enthusiasm, almost a sense of excitement, about

well in these developments, to gain public support and the role that life sciences based developments can play

project momentum.

in urban regeneration and economic growth. More Policy options and review processes are therefore generally these developments are part of the on-going

integral elements in the initial preparation of proposals, process of urban change and reinvention. They parallel,

which allow alternative courses of action to be assessed and to some extent overlap with, the emergence of

while developing preferred options. Within this knowledge-based urban development (KBUD) as a

process is the iterative cycle of maximizing benefits; strategy for embedding knowledge related industries

the variety of potential occupiers catered for in these and institutions within the urban fabric as engines of

developments, allied to the wide range of technology growth and innovation [10]. The three case studies

and industry related infrastructure provided, has been a discussed above suggest that the factors outlined below

clear positive in attracting new industries and partners. are vitally important in underpinning successful

Financial support and organization, and their implementation. Some of the issues highlighted here

integration into the plan proposals, create both a sense clearly resonate with implementation success factors

of realism which will promote implementation and also discussed in a wider planning context in the post war

help gain wider political support. The role of the city era.

councils and other funding agencies in providing part Administrative complexity is a characteristic of the

funding has been critical in moving these projects planning process in general which can delay plan

forward, and ensuring financial gain is seen to be approval and undermine momentum. The nature of the

balanced with broader social and physical planning different public and private agencies involved at

gains. Timing, phasing and impact assessment are technical, financial and political levels in the significant considerations in determining preparation and implementation of life sciences

implementation details. The dovetailing of these developments means that a certain degree of initiatives with other local and broader national and complexity is inevitable. At the same time, high

regional policies and incentives has been a key aspect failure rates amongst small new companies and the

in successfully guiding and controlling growth and acquisition of successful companies by larger change as a continuous process, and not merely as corporations and their relocation within larger existing

stages leading to an ideal end state.

premises can also cause problems for new life The obvious benefits of the projects discussed sciences developments. Public support and above suggest that an appropriate balance is being commitment are essential, and the harnessing of

struck between public good and private sector multiple partners from educational and health sectors

interests. These projects will inevitably involve as well as private sector developers has generally

conflicts and trade-offs which are widely accepted as a

38 The Impact of Life Sciences Developments on the UK Urban Environment

necessary part of the compromise that is entailed in 2012. National Planning Policy Framework, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/

urban development. It highlights the truth that in attachment_data/file/6077/2116950.pdf.

planning, perhaps more than any other sphere in the [5] Department for Business Innovation and Skills 2011. UK, fresh legislation, new administrative

Strategy for UK life Sciences, https://www.gov. arrangements, and innovative inducements are tried

uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ and tested with an astounding rapidity that underpins file/32457/11-1429-strategy-for-uk-life-sciences.pdf. [6] Edinburgh BioQuarter 2011a. Edinburgh BioQuarter,

the continuous evolution and continued credibility of http://www.sdi.co.uk/~/media/SDI/Files/documents/life-s the planning system itself.

ciences/edinburgh-bioquarter-at-the-heart-of-scottish-life- sciences.pdf.

References

[7] Edinburg BioQuarter 2011b Edinburg BioQuarter, [1] The RT Hon Lord Heseltine and Sir Terry Leahy 2011.

http://www.sdi.co.uk/~/media/SDI/Files/documents/life-s “Rebalancing Britain: Policy or slogan-Liverpool City

ciences/edinburgh-bioquarter-property-brochure.pdf. Region-Building on its Strengths: An independent

[8] Institute for Small Businesses and Entrepreneurship 2011. report.” https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/

International Entrepreneurship: UK Biosciences uploads/attachment_data/file/32080/11-1338-rebalancin

Incubators—A future Role in Foreign Direct Investment, g-britain-liverpool-city-region.pdf.

http://www.isbe.org.uk/LBIC.

[2] The City of Edinburgh Council 2012. Edinburgh Local [9] The City of Edinburgh City Council 2013. Edinburgh Development Plan: Proposed Plan

BioQuarter and South East Wedge Parkland: http://217.174.251.127/plans/ldp/LDPProposedPlanMarc

Supplementary Guidance—Draft for Consultation, h2013.pdf.

http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/10635/bioq [3] Manchester City Council 2012. Report To Economy

uarter_and_sew_parkland_sg.

Scrutiny Committee—12 December 2012. [10] Yigitcanlar, T. 2011. “Position Paper: Redefining www.manchester.gov.uk/egov_downloads/Medipark.pdf.

Knowledge Based Urban Development.” International [4] Department for Communities and Local Government

Journal of Knowledge-based Development 2 (4): 340-56.

Journal of Life Sciences 10 (2016) 39-47

doi: 10.17265/1934-7391/2016.01.006

DAVID PUBLISHING