complement: the subject complement and the object complement. The subject complement has a straightforward relation to the subjects of their respective
sentences. While the object complement has a similar relation to a direct object. The examples are:
12 Anne
is the winner.
13 Tom
made her
the winner. In
sentence 12
the winner is the subject complement while in sentence 13 function as the object complement.
e. Adverbial
The adverbial function is filled by an adverb including adverb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase, finite verb clause, non-finite verb clause, and
verbless clause Quirk et al, 1972: 420. Leech states that adverbials usually tell something extra about the action, happening, or state which are described by the
rest of the sentence 1975: 197. Some of the examples are: 14
She hurried
across the field. 15
We have to go before it’s too late.
2. Theory on Sentence Structure
Tense has an important position in English sentence structure. The term of tense always influences the form of verb. By knowing the English sentence
structure, we can know the term of tense which is used in a sentence. According to Chomsky as cited in Dwijatmoko, 2002: 55 an ordinary clause basically
consists of three elements such as a Complementizer Phrase CP, Inflection Phrase IP, and Verb Phrase VP.
According Dwijatmoko 2002: 55, a complementizer subcategorizes for a sentence S and equals to an Inflection Phrase IP. The concept of
complementizer is needed to label the presence of that, whetherif, and for in a sub-clauses and the absence of those complementizers result ungrammatical
sentences, like in examples below: 16
Mr. Hayes suggests that Holy see a doctor. Mr. Hayes suggests Holly see a doctor.
The second element is Inflectional Phrase. The term inflection based on Chomsky 1986b theory as cited in Dwijatmoko’s book, 2002: 57, only refers
to an affix which indicates the tense syntactic features, but since the inflection does not only cover tense affixes {-es} and {-ed} but also participle affixes {-ing}
and {-en}, Dwijatmoko states that the term tense TNS will be used for the tense affixes and Part will be used for both present participle {-ing} and past participle
{-en} affixes. Present participle {-ing} is used to show the progressive aspect and past participle {-en} is used to show perfective aspect.
According to Dwijatmoko 2002: 57, besides the tense affixes {-es} and {-ed}, modal auxiliary verbs like will, can, must, would, and could also indicate
tense. The present tense is indicated by will, can and must while could and would indicate the past tense. Therefore, TNS covers the present tense affix {-es} or
PRE, the past tense affix {-ed} or PST, and such modal auxiliary verbs. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The third element is Verb phrase. As mentioned in the previous theory of sentence element, a verb phrase VP is a phrase which has a verb as the head.
English verbs are usually classified into three classes: full verbs, linking verbs, and auxiliary verbs. Full verbs comprise the largest number of verbs such as go,
eat, plan, decide, and arrive. The linking verbs form a small set of verbs, like be, become, feel, seem, and taste. While the auxiliary verbs further classified into
modal auxiliary verbs, like can, may, must, and will, aspectual auxiliary verbs be and have, Auxiliary verb of voice be, and auxiliary verb of status dodoesdid.
Those three classes of verb occupy different position in English sentence structure Dwijatmoko, 2002: 37.
Before constructing the s-structure, we should know about the elements of a sentence such as Noun Phrase NP, Verb Phrase VP, Adjective Phrase AP,
Prepositional Phrase PP, etc. Therefore, there is a theory which is used to analyze the formation of phrases, called the X-bar theory. The X-bar theory is a
kind of theory in Universal Grammar UG and has a universal value Dwijatmoko, 2002:5. It means that the X-bar theory applies to all types of
phrases in all human language including English. In the X-bar theory, any element of a syntactic unit which is not the head
is a phrase. A phrase is the maximal projection of a category. A maximal projection is the representation in which all elements that occur in a phrase
appear. According to Dwijatmoko 2002: 6, a phrase may contain a head, complement, attribute, adjunct, and a specifier as its elements. A complement is
an element which is needed to complete the meaning of the head. A complement PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
