Object Complement Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Sentence Elements

The third element is Verb phrase. As mentioned in the previous theory of sentence element, a verb phrase VP is a phrase which has a verb as the head. English verbs are usually classified into three classes: full verbs, linking verbs, and auxiliary verbs. Full verbs comprise the largest number of verbs such as go, eat, plan, decide, and arrive. The linking verbs form a small set of verbs, like be, become, feel, seem, and taste. While the auxiliary verbs further classified into modal auxiliary verbs, like can, may, must, and will, aspectual auxiliary verbs be and have, Auxiliary verb of voice be, and auxiliary verb of status dodoesdid. Those three classes of verb occupy different position in English sentence structure Dwijatmoko, 2002: 37. Before constructing the s-structure, we should know about the elements of a sentence such as Noun Phrase NP, Verb Phrase VP, Adjective Phrase AP, Prepositional Phrase PP, etc. Therefore, there is a theory which is used to analyze the formation of phrases, called the X-bar theory. The X-bar theory is a kind of theory in Universal Grammar UG and has a universal value Dwijatmoko, 2002:5. It means that the X-bar theory applies to all types of phrases in all human language including English. In the X-bar theory, any element of a syntactic unit which is not the head is a phrase. A phrase is the maximal projection of a category. A maximal projection is the representation in which all elements that occur in a phrase appear. According to Dwijatmoko 2002: 6, a phrase may contain a head, complement, attribute, adjunct, and a specifier as its elements. A complement is an element which is needed to complete the meaning of the head. A complement PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI can also be said to be a thing or person whom an action or state is directed as in the example the news on the Gulf War. On the Gulf War is the complement of the Noun Phrase. A piece of news always tells about some things and in the Noun Phrase the news tells about the Gulf War. The next elements are attribute and adjunct which show the characteristic of a head. The difference between the attribute and adjunct lies in their positions. An attribute comes before the head and an adjunct comes after the head, like in the following examples very good at the beginning. The example is a kind of Adjective Phrase AP, the head is good, the attribute which comes before the head is very, and the adjunct which comes after the head is at the beginning. The following element in construction of a phrase is specifier. A specifier is the element which a head requires to appear in a larger construction Dwijatmoko, 2002: 6. The specifier makes the phrase head more specific. For example in a noun phrase, the specifier can be an article or genitive pronoun, he lost his dictionary, his is the specifier in Noun phrase his dictionary. As stated before, a phrase is a maximal projection of a category. It means that a phrase with a category X or XP as the maximal projection of the category X. Based on Dwijatmoko 2002: 7, the letter X is used because the X-bar theory is applicable to all phrase categories. It can stand for N noun, V verb, A adjective, P preposition, or any category. Every elements of a phrase such as a complement, attribute, adjunct, and specifier have different relations with the head and show different functions, they also form different levels of syntactic unit. A complement expands a head X into PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI