75 thus a series of non-parametric tests will be used since the data obtained are in
non-continuous scale. Furthermore, as Pallant 2011 suggested, when there is only a small number of sample obtained, non-parametric statistics will work best.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was the ideal test for comparing the mean score of non-continuous data, which in this case was ordinal data. Therefore, the Wilcoxon
signed-rank test was used to compare median scores from the pre- and post- questionnaires responses.
b. Qualitative data analysis
All the three forms of qualitative data serving to answer the second research question
, i.e. interview transcripts, students’ reflective journals, and researcher’s observation field notes were analyzed together since the information
they provided was interrelated and supporting to each other. Following Mbato’s
2013 advice, the qualitative data were analyzed both iteratively during the research and after the research was completed in order that the evidence becomes
more organized and ideas are clarified. The steps of analyzing those qualitative data were organizing, describing, and interpreting the data Best Kahn, 2006.
At the stage of organizing, the data were grouped and coded into categories. Each qualitative data form was coded differently in order to assist the
researcher in finding the commonality within the data set as well as in building themes subsequently. There are two forms of codes as coined by Gibson and
Brown 2009, p.141, namely apriori codes, which are created prior to the data examination, and empirical codes, which are generated through the data
76 examination. Based on that notion, the codes generated in this research were
empirical codes. There were some coding guidelines created in order to assist the researcher
in organizing the data and help the readers understand the data sources. The following table presents the coding guidelines.
Table 3.3. Data coding guideline
Coded Items Codes
Interview transcripts INT
Students’ reflective journals REFL
Researcher’s observation field notes FN
Student ST
To follow the full code, an example is given for a data coded ‘P ST01-INT 5’. The
first letter preceding the code indicates the appendix, so it means that the data is located in Appendix P. ST01 means student 1. INT 5 means the 5
th
conversation from an unnumbered interview transcript. This is because each student only
contributed one interview transcript. Another example is ‘Q ST05-REFL 2.1’. It
means the data is located in Appendix Q, student 5. Meanwhile, REFL 2.1 shows that the data was from reflection number two, statement one.
As they were organized, the data were reduced into a manageable form Mills, 2011. Once the data were organized, each data category was described
and explained. Then, the data were interpreted in order to answer the second research question.
Triangulation was also used in the qualitative data analysis. Citing Glesne 2006 and Bogdan Biklen 2007, Mertler 2009 suggested that triangulation
is an important technique since it is “a process of relating multiple sources of data PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
