CODE SWITCHING IN THE TOBA BATAK WEDDING CEREMONY.

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CODE SWITCHING IN THE TOBA BATAK

WEDDING CEREMONY

A Thesis

RAKHMAT WAHYUDIN SAGALA

Registration Number: 8106112018

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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CODE SWITCHING IN THE TOBA BATAK

WEDDING CEREMONY

A Thesis

RAKHMAT WAHYUDIN SAGALA

Registration Number: 8106112018

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Sagala, Rakhmat Wahyudin. Registration number: 8106112018. Code Switching in the Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School State University of Medan. 2013

This study deals with code switching in the Toba Batak wedding ceremony. The aims are to find out: 1) the types of code switching used in the Toba Batak wedding ceremony, 2) how the participants switch language in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony, and 3) reason why the participants switch language in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony. The data were obtained from the utterances of participants which contain code switching during the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony precisely in Marhaban, replying and exchanging the verses of rhymes, exchanging of Tepak, and upah-upah stages. They were analyzed by using some steps as normally applied in descriptive qualitative method. The instruments of data collection were audio visual recorder. First, the researcher selected utterances of participants in Toba Batak wedding ceremony which contain code switching as the data. Second, the utterances were classified based on Romain’s theory about types of code switching namely Inter sentential code switching, Intra sentential code switching and Tag code switching. Then, the utterances which contain code switching were categorized based on what languages which were used by the participants. The findings of the study indicate that; a) there are 20 utterances which contain Inter sentential code switching, 39 utterances which contain Intra sentential code switching and 4 utterances which contain Tag code switching. b) Participants in Toba Batak wedding ceremony mix some languages based on participants’ tribes which involved in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony and they also adjust the situation and the condition of the people which involved in the process of wedding ceremony. c) There are three reasons why participants switch their languages during the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony namely the differences of family’s tribes, religion factor and place of wedding ceremony be held.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All glory and thankfulness are addressed to Allah SWT for granting the writer to finish his education in English Applied Linguistics Study Program.

He would like to extend his deepest gratitude to the writers’ first adviser, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd. and his second adviser, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., who did not give up on him when it seemed there is no way out to manage every unsuitable and inappropriate data for completing this thesis. Their guidance and support made all the difference for their insight and contribution.

The writer also wishes to thank to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS., Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program who welcomed him to this program and tirelessly continued to offer their moral support.

He would like to thank to his parents, Prof. Dr. H. Syaiful Sagala, S.Sos, M.Pd. and Dra. Hj. Sri Rahayu for their financial and moral support. And also to his parents-in-law, Saifuddin, S.Pd. and Agusdariani Hsb, S.PdI. for the endless love and prayers that they have given to him.

Also, he is grateful to his brother Gaffar Hafiz Sagala, S.Pd. and Luthfi Ahmad Syafri Sagala for their words of encouragement.

A very special thankfulness to his wife, Tri Indah Rezeki, S.Pd., for encouraged him to continue his education, moral and technical support during those challenging years. And the inspirer with confidence belongs to my daughter Naylana Khanza Zaneeta Razky Sagala who has sustained him and made this possible.

Many thanks are addressed also to his friends and colleagues at English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School State University of Medan for their

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understanding, prayers, and moral support during challenging moments. His sincere appreciation to all lecturers and administrative staff of the Post Graduate Program of LTBI.

Needless to say, however, while he is grateful, for all that the people mentioned above have taught him, responsibility for errors and omissions in this thesis rests on him alone.

Medan, September 2013 The writer,

Rakhmat Wahyudin Sagala Registration Number: 8106112018

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 6

2.1 Code Switching ... 6

2.2 Code Mixing ... 7

2.3 Types of Code Switching ... 8

2.3.1 Inter-sentential code switching ... 9

2.3.2 Intra-sentential code switching ... 9

2.3.3 Tag switching ... 10

2.4 The Functions of Code Switching ... 12

2.4.1 To serve a quotation ... 12

2.4.2 To emphasize interjection ... 13

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2.4.4 To clarify or or qualify a message ... 14

2.4.5 To specify an adressee ... 15

2.4.6 To reiterate ... 16

2.4.7 To carry out a referential ... 16

2.5 Causes of Using Code Switching ... 17

2.6 Traditional Marriage in Toba Batak ... 18

2.6.1 The Ritus ... 18

2.6.2 Functions and Roles of Toba Batak Traditional Wedding Ceremony ... 19

2.6.3 Event of Giving Dowry and Taking “Sinamot_{” ... 20}

2.7 Traditional Marriage Distinctiveness in Toba Batak ... 21

2.7.1 Characteristics ... 21

2.8 Stages of Traditional Marriage in Toba Batak ... 23

2.8.1 Stages of the Moslem Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 26

2.9 Relevant Studies ... 27

2.10 Conceptual Framework ... 31

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 32

3.1 Research Design ... 32

3.2 Sources of Data ... 33

3.3 The Instruments of Data Collection ... 33

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 33

3.5 Trustworthiness ... 34

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 36

4.1 The Data ... 36

4.2 The Data Analysis ... 37

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4.2.2 Data Analysis of Intra Sentential Code Switching ... 47

4.2.3 Data Analysis of Tag Code Switching ... 55

4.3 The Process of Code Switching in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 54

4.4 Causes of Participants Use Code Switching ... 57

4.5 Research Findings ... 58

4.6 Discussions ... 59

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 61

5.1 Conclusions ... 61

5.2 Suggestions ... 61

REFERENCES ... 63

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 4.1 Types of Code Switching in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 37

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Page Appendix A. Transcript of Marhaban Stage in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony:

Data I ... 66

Appendix B. Transcript of Replying and Exchanging the Verses of Rhymes Stage: Data II ... 67

Appendix C. Transcript of Exchanging of Tepak Stage: Data III ... 69

Appendix D. Transcript of Upah-Upah I Stage: Data IV ... 72

Appendix E. Transcript of Upah-Upah II Stage: Data V ... 76

Appendix F. Analysis of Code Switching Types in Marhaban Stage ... 85

Appendix G. Analysis of Code Switching Types in Replying and Exchanging The Verses of Rhymes Stage ... 87

Appendix H. Analysis of Code Switching Types in Exchanging of Tepak Stage .. 91

Appendix I. Analysis of Code Switching Types in Upah-Upah I Stage ... 98

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Sociolinguistics is one of linguistics branches that can be analyzed from various point of views. Sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society and the way it is used in different social situations. It ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak one to another. Sociolinguistics often shows the language users the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker. It codes the social function of a language. (Baker, 2010).

In using language, the language users are not aware that they make a language choice. Language choice is a variation of language that is used by a person when he / she talks to one or more other person. Sumarsono and Paina (2002) state that in a bilingualism or multilingualism society, there are some codes, such as language, dialect, variation and style that used in social interaction. With those codes, a person can or will choose a code according to some factors. This process called language choice. This language choice depends on some factors such as participants, setting, topic and so on.

Sumarsono and Paina (2002) state that there are some terms in language choice:

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1. Variation within the same language. It is applied to a variation in a language, for example; the variation of informal and formal French in Europe and French in Quebec, Canada.

2. Code switching. It usually happens when a person can speak two or more language fluently. For example, A has Batak language as his first language and Indonesian as his second language also A can speak English. In a trip A meets with D then he starts a conversation by using Indonesian, but when A knows that D can speak Batak too, A sometimes speak in Batak language. Suddenly, A and D meet with a tourist and he asks them about something in English. Automatically, A and D speak in English. What A does is a code switching and what language A’s language use is depending on some factors of sociolinguistics such as participants, topic, setting, etc.

3. Code mixing. Code mixing is similar with intervention from a language to other language. In code mixing, the speaker inserts another language such as word or phrase when he / she speaks in a language.

This study focuses on the phenomenon of code switching. Code switching is considered as a sociolinguistic phenomenon – a linguistic product of language contact, determined in various ways by the social circumstances in which it occurs. Code switching is now considered to be a normal and natural product of interaction. Richard (2005) describes that the term code switching means switching from one language variety to another when situation demands. According to Appel and Musyken (1987), code switching is the process of switchovers the language action because of the situation change. Besides that, Hymes (1974) also stated that code switching has become a common term to alternate the use of two or more languages.

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Talking about code switching, there are some types of code switching. Romaine (2000) distinguishes three types of code switching. They are Inter sentential Code Switching, Intra sentential Code Switching, and Tag Code Switching. Inter Sentential switches occur between sentences, as their name indicates. Intra Sentential Code switching occurs in the middle of sentence as in ‘I start acting real CURIOSA.’ This type of intimate switching is often called code mixing. Tag Code switching involves an exclamation, a tag, or parenthetical in another language then rest of sentence. (Appel and Musyken, 1987)

Generally, code switching happens on discourse. Halliday (2004) explains that discourse is defined as a meaning that is realized in text. Discourse is realized by text as meaning is represented in expression. In other words, analogously or correspondingly to the relationship of meaning to expression is that of discourse to text. Thus, discourse finds its expression in text. Discourse is also regarded as mode of talking which is associated to social institutions. This is to say that certain areas of social life or institutions have specific modes or ways of talking. With reference to social life

The overall people around the world use language for their communication and interaction. Most of them have a mastery more than one language, especially in Indonesia country. In Indonesia most of the members of society are using more than one language. There exists (in Indonesia) local language (Bahasa Daerah) and national language (Bahasa Nasional). Local language is the language that is used in a region, ethnic language i.e. Javanese, Sundanese, and Bataknese (Sugono and Zaidan, 2008).

This study focuses on the phenomenon of code switching which happens in Batak language namely in the process of wedding ceremony. For example is in

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utterances of participants in Toba Batak wedding ceremony. Most of Toba Batak people usually are bilinguals or multilingual, though their first language is Toba Batak language. Toba Batak people who live in outside areas use more than two languages because of the situational factors. It also happens in the wedding ceremony especially Toba Batak people who get married with different tribe. It happens too in the writer’s wedding itself. The researcher is a Toba Batak man and his wife is Sundanese. The process of their wedding is done by mixing the cultures of them. The language used in the wedding was not pure Batak language but the mixture of some languages such as Toba Batak, Mandailing and also Indonesian.

The purpose of this study is to find out the use of code switching in discourse of Toba Batak wedding ceremony. This study investigates the types of code switching which occur in the conversation of the Toba Batak wedding ceremony, how the participants switch their languages and why they switch their languages in the process of wedding ceremony. The data are collected by transcribing the discourse in the texts containing code switching and then marking switched phrases or sentences in the dialogues in the events. The data are analyzed by using Romaine’s theory of types and factors of code switching.

1.2 Problems of the Study

The problems to be answered in this study are formulated as the following: 1. What types of code switching are used in the Toba Batak wedding ceremony? 2. How do the participants switch language used in the process of the Toba Batak

wedding ceremony?

3. Why do the participants switch language in the process of the Toba Batak wedding ceremony?

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5 1.3 Objectives of the Study

With reference to the problems previously, the objectives of the study are: 1. to find out the types of code switching used in the Toba Batak wedding

ceremony,

2. to find out how the participants switch language in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony, and

3. to find out the reason why the participants switch language in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is code switching in the Toba Batak wedding ceremony. In this case, it is limited on the Moslem traditional Batak Toba. The collecting of the data in this research are based on wedding ceremony of the Moslem traditional Batak Toba namely Marhaban, replying and exchanging the verses of rhymes, exchanging of Tepak, and upah-upah. The data are analyzed based on types of code switching are based on Romaine (2000). Code switching itself consists of three types namely Inter sentential Code Switching, Intra sentential Code Switching, and Tag Code Switching. This study focuses on the types of code switching which occur in the conversation of the Toba Batak wedding ceremony, how the participants switch their languages and why they switch their languages. The analyzed data were taken from the process of Rakhmat Wahyudin Sagala and Tri Indah Rizky’s wedding ceremony which was hold in 2012.

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The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and practically. 1. Theoretically, the readers can enlarge knowledge on code switching in order

to get some information on types of code switching. 2. Practically, this findings are useful for:

a. The other researchers who want to learn more about code switching, especially the types, the factors and the functions of code switching in the Toba Batak wedding ceremony discourse and can participate in giving knowledge contribution related to language theory especially in code switching and other sociolinguistic aspects,

b. The post graduate students especially majoring in English who want get more knowledge about sociolinguistic aspects especially in code switching, and the result of the research will be an additional literature which can be used by the next researcher.

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67 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

In reference to the problems of the study, conclusions are drawn as the following:

1. Participants in Toba Batak wedding ceremony especially in the five stages such as Marhaban, replying and exchanging the verses of rhymes, exchanging of Tepak, and upah-upah use types of code switching namely there are 20 utterances which contain Inter sentential code switching, 39 utterances which contain Intra sentential code switching and 4 utterances which contain Tag code switching.

2. Participants in Toba Batak wedding ceremony mix some languages based on participants’ tribes which involved in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony and they also adjust the situation and the condition of the people which involved in the process of wedding ceremony.

3. There are three reasons why participants switch their languages during the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony namely the differences of family’s tribes, religion factor and place of wedding ceremony be held.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the findings of this study, suggestions are staged as in the following:

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1. It is suggested for the future researchers to develop their findings in wider area not only in the process of wedding ceremony but also in various types of texts, such as educational, cultural, science, technological, business, etc to get better description about code switching.

2. It is also suggested that students of applied linguistics should be exposed to a wide range not only in oral texts but also in printed texts.

3. It suggested that the readers, especially the readers who want to enlarge their knowledge about code switching should learn more about code switching because their understanding about code switching would help them especially for them who want to do research about code switching.

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The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and practically. 1. Theoretically, the readers can enlarge knowledge on code switching in order

to get some information on types of code switching. 2. Practically, this findings are useful for:

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CHAPTER V