LANGUAGE STYLE IN TOBA BATAK WEDDING CEREMONY.
LANGUAGE STYLE IN TOBA BATAK
WEDDING CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
ROSI AGUSTINA NAIBAHO Registration Number: 8126111035
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
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LANGUAGE STYLE IN TOBA BATAK
WEDDING CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
ROSI AGUSTINA NAIBAHO Registration Number: 8126111035
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
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ABSTRACT
Naibaho, R.A. Registration Number: 8126111035. Language Style in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. 2014.
This descriptive qualitative research was focused on the existence of language styles in Toba Batak wedding ceremony in Medan. The objectives were to: (1) describe the language styles used in Toba Batak wedding ceremony, (2) explain the realization of language styles in Toba Batak wedding ceremony, and (3) discover why the language styles were used in Toba Batak wedding ceremony. To obtain the data, three couples of newlywed in Toba Batak wedding ceremony at Wisma Adat Lambok Medan were observed with photos and interview the informants. The analysis on language styles used in the wedding ceremony were based on Miles & Huberman’s (1984), namely: data display, data reduction, and conclusion: drawing and verifying. The result of the findings show that three language styles were being used in the wedding ceremony, they were: formal style, frozen style, and consultative style.
Based on the findings, some conclusions and suggestions are presented with the intention of the importance of appreciating one’s culture in connection with language styles especially in Toba batak wedding ceremony. It is suggested that those who are in the charge of extending their knowledge on culture and language styles should touch and appreciate the presence of Indonesian’s cultures and can be used as a source of appreciation of other vernacular cultures and especially as valuable related materials in the instructional processes.
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ABSTRAK
Naibaho, R.A. NIM: 8126111035. Gaya Bahasa di dalam Upacara Pernikahan Suku Batak Toba. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan. 2014.
Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif ini tentang gaya bahasa yang terjadi di dalam upacara pernikahan suku Batak Toba di Medan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan gaya bahasa yang digunakan di dalam upacara pernikahan suku Batak Toba, (2) menjelaskan realisasi dari gaya bahasa di dalam upacara pernikahan suku Batak Toba, dan (3) mengetahui mengapa gaya bahasa digunakan di dalam upacara pernikahan suku Batak Toba. Data penelitian adalah ujaran-ujaran yang terjadi pada upacara pernikahan suku Batak Toba. Data diperoleh dengan cara mengamati, merekam, dan mewawancarai beberapa informan. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan model data analisis dari Miles & Huberman (1984), yaitu penampilan data, pengurangan data dan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan analisis penelitian, diperoleh hasill sebagai berikut. Terdapat 3 gaya bahasa yang ditemukan di dalam upacara pernikahan suku Batak Toba, yaitu gaya bahasa formal, gaya bahasa baku dan gaya bahasa konsultatif.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, beberapa kesimpulan dan saran disajikan dengan tujuan dengan pentingnya menghargai kebudayaan seseorang dalam hubungan nya dengan gaya bahasa terutama dalam pernikahan suku Batak Toba. Penelitian ini juga menyarankan kepada mereka yang ingin menambah pengetahuan mereka tentang kebudayaan dan menghargai keberadaan berbagai budaya Indonesia yang dapat digunakan sebagai sumber penghargaan kebudayaan bahasa lokal lainnya dan khususnya sebagai sumber materi yang berguna di dalam proses pembelajaran.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, the writer would like to express her endless thankfulness
to Almighty Father for His bounteous blessings, guidance, and protection granted
to her to undertake her further study from the beginning to the completion of this
thesis entitled Language Style in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony as a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora.
On this very special oppurtunity, she would like to extend her deepest and
sincere appreciation and thankfulness to the honorable Prof. Tina Mariany Arifin,
M.A.,Ph.D, her First Adviser, for her great supervision, suggestions, sharp
criticisms, and encouragement to wrap up the final form of this thesis. She also like
to express her sincere thankfulness to the honorable Dr. Siti Aisyah Ginting, M.Pd,
her Second Adviser, for her guidance, inputs, and constructive criticisms to be
included in this thesis.
In addition, her special gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd
and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Head and Secretary of the English Applied
Linguistics Study Program for their administrative assistance during her study.
She is also indebted to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Prof. Dr.
Sumarsih, M.Pd., and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum., her reviewers and
examiners for their valuable knowledge and inputs.
In addition, a very and sincere gratitude is offered to her family, E. Naibaho,
S.E (Late) and R.Br Purba, S.Pd., her beloved parents and V. Situmorang and R. Br
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thesis in its present form. Thanks are also given to Feli Irmawati Naibaho, S.Pd,
Enna Rio Rita Naibaho, S.Pd, Erjuki Ariandi Naibaho, S.E, and Orlen Rosali
Dabora Naibaho, her beloved sisters and brother, and all of families for their
motivation and full encouragement to finish her study.
Sweet and special appreciation is dedicated to her sweet little daughter,
Rumondang Ronauli Sinurat and her beloved husband, PM. Sinurat for his love,
attention, motivation, full support, and prayers given to her during the process of
completing this thesis.
Finally, special thanks are also directed to all her friends of the Regular A
Class of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, especially to Lila Novra Dini
Saragih, Dahlia Sirait, Irma Matondang, and Shopiah Anggraini, for their support,
respect and kind friendship in happiness and in sorrow.
May God Bless Us !
Medan, May 2014
The writer,
Rosi Agustina Naibaho
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ... i
ABSTRAK ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 9
2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 9
2.1.1 Language and Society ... 9
2.1.2 Language Style ... 10
2.1.2.1 Frozen Style ... 11
2.1.2.2 Formal Style ... 12
2.1.2.3 Consultative Style ... 14
2.1.2.4 Casual Style ... 16
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2.1.3 The Factors Influencing of Language Style ... 18
2.2 Language and Culture ... 20
2.3 Philosophy of Toba Batak ... 21
2.4 Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 25
2.4.1 Marhusip ( Limited Discussion) ... 25
2.4.2 Marhata Sinamot & Marpudun Saut (Discussion on the Bride’s Price) ... 26
2.4.3 Marunjuk (Marriage Ceremony) ... 24
2.5 Dalihan Na Tolu ... 27
2.5.1 Somba Marhula-hula (Respect to the in-law-families) ... 29
2.5.2 Manat Mardongan Tubu (Have a good relationship to the same ancestor of the clan) ... 32
2.5.3 Elek Marboru (Give love and affection to the daugther families) ... 33
2.6 Language Style used by Participants of Dalihan Na Tolu ... 34
2.6.1 Language Style used at Tudu-tudu ni Sipanganon event ... 34
2.6.2 Language Style used at Tumpak event ... 35
2.6.3 Language Style used at Pinggan Panungkunan event ... 35
2.6.4 Language Style used at Panggohi Na HurangGok event ... 36 2.6.5 Language Style used at
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Panandaion event ... 36
2.6.6 Language Style used at Tintin Marangkup event ... 36
2.6.7 Language Style used at Mangulosi event... 36
2.6.8 Language Style used at Paulak Une event ... 37
2.6.9 Language Style used at Maningkir Tangga event ... 38
2.7 Relevant Studies ... 38
2.8 Conceptual Framework ... 40
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 43
3.1 The Research Design ... 43
3.2 Data and Data Source ... 44
3.3 Procedures of Data Collection ... 44
3.4 Instruments of Data Collection ... 45
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 45
3.5.1 Data Display ... 46
3.5.2 Data Reduction ... 46
3.5.3 Conclusion: drawing and verifying ... 46
3.6 Trustworthiness of the Study ... 47
3.6.1 Credibility ... 47
3.6.2 Transferability ... 48
3.6.3 Dependability... 48
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CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ... 49
4.1 Data Analysis ... 49 4.1.1 The Description of The Language Styles
in The First Wedding Ceremony ... 49
4.1.1.1 The Description of Stage 1:
Tudu-tudu Ni Sipanganon event ... 49
4.1.1.2 The Description of Stage 2:
Tumpak event ... 50
4.1.1.3 The Description of Stage 3:
Pinggan Panungkunan event ... 50
4.1.1.4 The Description of Stage 4:
Panggohi Na Hurang Gok event ... 51
4.1.1.5 The Description of Stage 5:
Panandaion event ... 51
4.1.1.6 The Description of Stage 6:
Tintin Marangkup event ... 52
4.1.1.7 The Description of Stage 7:
Mangulosi event ... 52
4.1.1.8 The Description of Stage 8:
Paulak Une event ... 53
4.1.1.9 The Description of Stage 9:
Maningkir Tangga event ... 53
4.1.2 The Description of The Language Styles
in The Second Wedding Ceremony ... 54
4.1.2.1 The Description of Stage 1:
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4.1.2.2 The Description of Stage 2:
Tumpak event ... 54
4.1.2.3 The Description of Stage 3:
Pinggan Panungkunan event ... 55
4.1.2.4 The Description of Stage 4:
Panggohi Na Hurang Gok event ... 55
4.1.2.5 The Description of Stage 5:
Panandaion event ... 55
4.1.2.6 The Description of Stage 6:
Tintin Marangkup event ... 56
4.1.2.7 The Description of Stage 7:
Mangulosi event ... 56
4.1.2.8 The Description of Stage 8:
Paulak Une event ... 57
4.1.2.9 The Description of Stage 9:
Maningkir Tangga event ... 57
4.1.3 The Description of The Language Styles
in The Third Wedding Ceremony ... 58
4.1.3.1 The Description of Stage 1:
Tudu-tudu Ni Sipanganon event ... 58
4.1.3.2 The Description of Stage 2:
Tumpak event ... 59
4.1.3.3 The Description of Stage 3:
Pinggan Panungkunan event ... 59
4.1.3.4 The Description of Stage 4:
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4.1.3.5 The Description of Stage 5:
Panandaion event ... 60
4.1.3.6 The Description of Stage 6: Tintin Marangkup event ... 60
4.1.3.7 The Description of Stage 7: Mangulosi event ... 61
4.1.3.8 The Description of Stage 8: Paulak Une event ... 62
4.1.3.9 The Description of Stage 9: Maningkir Tangga evepnt... 62
4.2 The Patterns of The Realization of Language Style Uttered in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 65
4.2.1 The Description of The Patterns of Language Styles Realization Uttered in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 65
4.2.1.1 The Description of Number 1 ... 65
4.2.1.2 The Description of Number 2 ... 66
4.2.1.3 The Description of Number 3 ... 67
4.2.1.4 The Description of Number 4 ... 67
4.3 The Realization of Incongruent Language Styles in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony... 68
4.3.1 The Description about The Realization of Incongruent Language Styles in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 69
4.3.1.1 The Description of Number 1 ... 69
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4.3.1.3 The Description of Number 3 ... 71
4.4 Findings ... 72
4.5 Discussion ...73
CHAPTER V CONSLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 75
5.1 Conclusions ... 75
5.2 Suggestions ... 75
REFERENCES ... 77 APPENDIX ... 81-144
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.2 The Patterns of Language Styles Realization
Uttered in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 65
Table 4.3 The Realization of Incongruent Language Styles
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.2 Map of Bataknese Distribution in North Sumatera ... 24
Figure 2.2 Map of The Settlement Areas of Toba Batak
in North Sumatera ... 24
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 The Utterances of Language Style Used in Each Stage
of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 81
Appendix 2 The Dialogues in Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 85
Appendix 3 The Documents of Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony ... 118
Appendix 4 Interview Transcripts ... 137
Appendix 5 Informants ... 143
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language style is a style of someone in delivering a speech, such as advice,
suggestion, hope, blessing, and pray. The language style can change based on the
social context. Social context encompasses addressee, addresser, topic, time, and
place.
Indonesia is a hugely diverse nation. It is a country of many ethnicities,
namely Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese, Madurese, Minangkabau, Betawi, Bugis,
Banten, Banjar, other or unspecified ethnic. It has some 300 ethnic groups, as a
result of both the country's unique geography and history. Each province has its
own language, ethnic make-up, religions and history. Many Indonesians may see
themselves first by their ethnic and cultural group and secondly as Indonesians.
Every ethnic group has its own language which is called the local language or
vernaculars.
Most of the Indonesian people use at least two languages in their daily lives.
Firstly, their mother tongue or the vernaculars or it is also called as a local language
and secondly the national language. They use the national language either in formal
or informal situation.
Language is absolutely used for cultural development. It is a key to analyze
the culture of a particular society. In fact, it is difficult for people to know and
understand a certain society without knowing and mastering the language since
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language has a dominant part in cultures. Keller ( 1997:97) points out that language
enables people to store meanings and experiences and to pass this heritage on to
new generations. It means that language is used to convey a culture to a new
generation. It is conveyed through languages as a tool of communication.
Toba Batak Language (TBL) is one of the ethnic languages in North
Sumatera, which is used by the Toba Batak people to communicate within or in the
areas in wedding ceremony. Actually many Bataknese people still use TBL in
around their daily speaking.
Toba Batak culture is one of the Indonesian cultures. The effect of
developing the Batak culture itself is not only to enrich the varieties of Indonesian
cultures but also to develop norms and qualities. TBL as a local language is spoken
not only in North Tapanuli but also outside North Tapanuli. As a mother tongue,
TBL has the function as a medium of communication among societies in social
interaction and also as the medium of cultural expression, for example in wedding
ceremony. Every social interaction occurs in the ceremony is performed by using
TBL.
A case when a person talks to the older one, the person will use formal style
due to the position of the older one. However, some empirical evidences occur in
Toba Batak wedding ceremony can be seen in the following detailed explanation.
If we speak in formal situation, we use formal style. If we ask someone, we use
consultative style. If it has been printed or the word has been frozen, we use frozen
style. But if it is spoken in someone’s daily conversation or in the relaxed
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The language style used by the participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in Toba
Batak wedding ceremony is usually formal style, especially the utterances of the
bridegroom’s side to the bride’s side. They use formal style to show the honor to
their in-law-families (hula-hula). So, especially for the speakers in wedding
ceremony (parhata), either the bridegroom side’s speaker or the bride’s side
speaker must use the polite tone, namely: formal style, so that the participants of
Dalihan Na Tolu will not be offended or the destination of what they convey, can
be understood well, especially when we speak to our in-law-families (hula-hula).
The most important thing to remember in this era is, it is too danger if the
utterances of speaker in wedding ceremony break the norms, principles and even
the rules in society and it can be received by people. There are differences of
language styles uttered by the speakers in delivering their speeches or in
communicating to the participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in wedding ceremony. Some
of speakers say “Amanta Soripada”, and some of them say “Amanta Raja”. It is
clear that there a difference between those words, but we must know that the
speakers have to know which one is right, Amanta Soripada or Amanta Raja.
As we know that there is umpasa in Bataknese tradition. The meaning of
umpasa in the Bataknese tradition has a deep meaning in delivering advice,
blessing, hope, and health. So, they may not add misinformation to deliver it, so it
has meaningless, and break its meaning. The speakers must have a skill in
communicating and delivering umpasa well. They must be able to deliver a speech
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on its context. In Bataknese tradition, the more he can deliver it, the more
tremendous he is regarded by the participants of Dalihan Na Tolu
In Bataknese tradition, umpasa has strong meaning as symbol of blessing,
suggestion, and pray. It means that there are differences between the theory and the
reality in the wedding ceremony.
There are many umpasa which are delivered by the speakers in wedding
ceremony. They are free to develop them but their destination are the same. There
are some differences among the speakers in delivering them. The diffrences of
umpasa uttered by the speakers is not influenced where they come from. Not
because the speakers come from Balige, samosir, Tarutung, so they must have some
certain umpasa. The most important is the speakers must know and understand the
destination from what they say.
Marriage is the most important part in someone’s life, especially for the
Bataknese in which the marriage ceremony consists of a long process of activities
which are divided in three steps:
1. Marhusip (Limited Discussion)
In this ceremony each side is represented by the mediator practiced
secretly. Marhusip is where the groom’s side directly consults the
bride’s side on the dowry, usually only very close relatives are invites.
Marhusip literally means “to whisper”. It refers to offering aspect. In the
first stage of a traditional wedding, where the whispering which takes
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(1986:139), marhusip is preliminary interaction in which negotiations
about bride-price (sinamot/tuhor).
2. Marhata Sinamot & Marpudun Saut ( Discussion on the bride’s
payment)
The second step after marhusip in Bataknese traditional wedding is
called marhata sinamot & marpudun saut. This step is the discussion of
the financial aspects (Vergonwen 1964:171). He also describes marhata
sinamot is to determine the amount of the marriage payment. Bovil
(1986:139) expands that marhata sinamot is a public announcement of
the agreed-upon bride-price and the form of the ceremony.
3. Marunjuk ( Marriage Blessing)
Marunjuk is the performance of marriage ceremony. Bovil (1986:139)
points that marunjuk is the wedding ceremony itself, which is followed
by formal visiting, usually Christian elements, including a chucrh
ceremony are also incorporated. In marunjuk, there are some process
started from tudu-tudu sipanganon eventuntil maningkir tangga event
as the end of the wedding ceremony.
From the three steps above, it is necessary to discuss the use of language
styles in the traditional Toba Batak wedding ceremony. It is known that there are
some ceremonies in Toba Batak society, such as birth ceremony , death ceremony,
the ceremony to enter a new house, and the wedding ceremony. Wedding ceremony
is chosen to be analyzed in this thesis since a wedding has a very significant role in
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It is a long process with many discussions. In performing the cultural events in
Bataknese, there are three components of Bataknese interconnected, namely
Dalihan Na Tolu whichtakes important part in every Bataknese cultural event that
takes a long process of talks and discussions. In relation with the talks and
discussions during the wedding ceremony, they use language styles.
In the process of the ceremony, one has a language style which is considered
as the style in delivering a speech. Language style is a way of speaking - how
speakers use the resource of language variation to make meaning in social
encounters (Coupland, 2007). The language style can change based on the social
context. Social context encompasses addressee, addresser, topic, time, and place.
According to Joos (1967:153-155) there are five language styles used in the
society, namely (1) frozen style, (2) formal style, (3) consultative style, (4) casual
style and (5) intimate style. Each of them will be used in different location and
situation. It is understandable that during a wedding ceremony on the use of
language style that will be different from the language style in daily
communication.
Based on the above explanations, the writer of this study is interested in
analysing this topic because there are some changes of language styles uttered by
the Bataknese and the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony that takes much
more time in managing a marriage ceremony starting from tudu-tudu sipanganon
eventuntil maningkir tangga event as the final session of the wedding ceremony.
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In relation to the background of the study, the problems are formulated as
the following:
1. What are the language styles used in Toba Batak wedding ceremony?
2. How are the language styles realized in Toba Batak wedding ceremony?
3. In what context are the language styles realized in Toba Batak wedding
ceremony?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In connection with the problems of the study, the objectives are to:
1) describe the language styles used in Toba Batak wedding ceremony.
2) explain the realization of language styles in Toba Batak wedding
ceremony.
3) discover what context the language styles are realized in Toba Batak
wedding ceremony.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study covers the analysis on the language stylesused by Toba Batak
speakers who lives in Medan areas and involved in Toba Batak wedding ceremony
that starting from tudu-tudu sipanganon (distributing the special meat) event until
maningkir tangga (visiting of the bride’s family to the newlywed's house) event.
This study is intended to discover the existence of language styles, namely frozen
style, formal style, consultative style, casual style, and intimate style in Toba Batak
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1.5 The Significance of the Study
The writer assumes that the research findings will be useful theoretically
and practically.
1. Theoretically, the findings of the study can be regarded as the additional
resources for lecturers in teaching sociolinguistics, especially those who
are not fully aware of Toba Batak people, they can learn how the Toba
Batak culture is performed and applied in Toba Batak society. In
addition, it is intended to discover the application of the theoretical
aspects.
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be as a guidance for those who
are interested in widening their horizon on Toba Batak culture,
especially Toba Batak wedding ceremony and for those who want to be
speakers in wedding ceremony (parhata) in Toba Batak wedding
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study focused on language styles used by the participants of Dalihan
Na Tolu in Toba Batak wedding ceremony. Based on the analysis, the conclusions
are stated as the following:
1. Language styles used in Toba Batak wedding ceremony are formal style,
frozen style, and consultative style.
2. The realization of language styles delivered by participants of Dalihan Na
Tolu in Toba Batak wedding ceremony contain two patterns of language
style, namely congruent language style and incongruent language style.
3. Incongruent language style happened in Toba Batak wedding ceremony. It
was happened at panandaion, mangulosi,paulak une and maningkir tangga
event. The speeches uttered in Toba Batak wedding ceremony, either the
bridegroom’s side or bride’s side show a symbol of honor and appreciation.
The language styles of the bridegroom’s side and the bride’s side are
influenced by setting, topic, and the participants.
5.2 Suggestions
It is suggested to those, who are very much interested in Toba Batak culture
to study more about the language style during the special ceremony performed.
Some special suggestions are presented as follows:
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1. The lecturers who play an important role in teaching sociolinguistics should
give more attention, not only for foreign and Indonesian cultures but also to
the vernacular of cultures. If they know more ablout cultures of vernacular,
especially Toba Batak culture, the lecturers can compare Toba batak culture
with other regional cultures.
2. To the other researchers to conduct a much more detailed research on
language styles in Toba Batak wedding ceremony from different point of
view, so more information about Toba Batak language and its culture can
be presented to widen the horizon of Toba Batak cultures.
3. To speakers, either the bridegroom’s side and bride’s side should be able to
uttered speeches in showing a symbol of honor and appreciation to the
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1
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Joos, M. 1967. The Five Clocks . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. Accessed
on 2nd September 2013 from http://languagestyles.org.html.
Keller, L. & Calhoun, C. 1997. Sociology. New York: The Mc Graw- Hill.
Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Marjohan, A. 1988. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
Miles, M. B. & Huberman, M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis: A sourcebook of
New Method. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Missikova, G. 2003. Linguistics Stylistics. Filozoficka Fakulta: Nitra
Pakpahan, J. 2008. The Principle of Dalihan Na Tolu. Harcourt, Brace & World.
Accessed on 2nd September 2013from http://dalihannatolu.org.html.
Panjaitan, E. 2013. Speech Acts in Wedding Ceremony of the Angkola Culture.
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3
Pennington, M.C. 2002. Real Language Phonology: Optimality Theory Meets
Sociolinguistics. Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 6(3), 418-448.
Quina, K, et al. 1987. Language Style and Gender Stereotype in Person
Perspection.Journal of Sociolinguistics Vol. 11(1), 111-122.
Salman, R. 2012. Speech Acts in Pepongoten at Gayo Wedding Ceremony.
Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan.
Salzaman, Z. 1998. Language, Culture and Society. Atlanta, Georgia: Westview
Press
Sapir, E. 1965. The Study of Code-Mixing. Atlanta. Georgia: Westview Press.
Satir, V., Stachowiak, L., & Taschman, H.A. 1975. Helping Families To Change.
New York, NY: Tiffany.
Siburian, H. H. 2002. Socioloinguistics. Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate
Program, State University of Medan.
Sihombing, T. M. 1989. Jambar Hatta: Dongan Tu Ulaon Adat. Tulus Jaya
Sinaga, R. 1997. Leluhur Marga-Marga Batak Dalam Sejarah Silsilah dan
Legenda. Jakarta: Dian Utama.
Sitompul, A. A. 1998. Peribahasa. Pematang Siantar: Medan.
Spradley, J. P. 1980. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rinrhart and
Wiston.
Stroud, C. & Wee, L. 2005. Style, Identity and English Language Literacy. Journal
of Sociolinguistics Vol.16(3), 319-337.
Tambunan, B. 2010. The Texts Used by Dalihan Na Tolu In The Philosophy Of
Batak. Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan.
Tobing, O. P. 1963. The Structure of The Toba Batak Belief In The High God. Tulus
Jaya.
Train, R. 2003. Sociolinguistics and Language as Cultural Practice. Journal of
SociolinguisticsVol. 7(3), 432-442.
Vergonwen, J. C. 1964. The Social Organization and Customary Law of the Toba
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4
Wareing, S. & Thomas, L. 1999. Language, Society and Power An Introduction.
New York: Westview Press
Wilely, J. 1982. Human Geography, Culture Society and Space. Canada:
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study focused on language styles used by the participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in Toba Batak wedding ceremony. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated as the following:
1. Language styles used in Toba Batak wedding ceremony are formal style, frozen style, and consultative style.
2. The realization of language styles delivered by participants of Dalihan Na Tolu in Toba Batak wedding ceremony contain two patterns of language style, namely congruent language style and incongruent language style. 3. Incongruent language style happened in Toba Batak wedding ceremony. It
was happened at panandaion, mangulosi, paulak une and maningkir tangga event. The speeches uttered in Toba Batak wedding ceremony, either the bridegroom’s side or bride’s side show a symbol of honor and appreciation. The language styles of the bridegroom’s side and the bride’s side are influenced by setting, topic, and the participants.
5.2 Suggestions
It is suggested to those, who are very much interested in Toba Batak culture to study more about the language style during the special ceremony performed. Some special suggestions are presented as follows:
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especially Toba Batak culture, the lecturers can compare Toba batak culture with other regional cultures.
2. To the other researchers to conduct a much more detailed research on language styles in Toba Batak wedding ceremony from different point of view, so more information about Toba Batak language and its culture can be presented to widen the horizon of Toba Batak cultures.
3. To speakers, either the bridegroom’s side and bride’s side should be able to uttered speeches in showing a symbol of honor and appreciation to the participants of Dalihan Na Tolu.
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1
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