METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN BATAK TOBA WEDDING CEREMONY.
METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN BATAK TOBA
WEDDING CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Linguistics Study Program in
Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
JAMES PURBA
Reg. Number : 8146111026
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Jesus the most Gracious and the Most Merciful
First of all, I would like to say praise be to Jesus who has given chance and health to
the writer in order could finish this thesis on time.
The writer would like to express his first advisor Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd,
and his second advisor Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd, for their valuable advice, guidance,
constructive comments and precious time spent out supervising and commenting this thesis
until it appears in its present form.
His special grattitude goes to Dr. Rahmad Husen, M.Ed, as the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program and all Lectures, for the valuable knowledge and
instruction they have imparted to him during the years studying.
Then, a very special debt of grattitude is directed to his beloved parents, Parningotan
Purba,S.Th and Rumini Pane ,S.Th, and to my special woman Juliana Siburian, S.Pd ,
M.Hum., Together with his beloved brothers, Brigadir. Herianto, SH, Hendra Purba, for their
full love, support, care, and prayers.
Finally, he must confess that he has done to accomplish his thesis but he is been
aware that it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticsms, suggestions,
or comments will be highly appreciated.
Medan, 14 Februari 2017
James Purba
Regristration Number: 8146111026
Abstrak
Purba James, Nomor registrasi: 8146111026, Metaphorical Expressions In
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis : English Applied
Linguistic Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan
2014.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan eskpresi metafora dalam Pesta
Pernikahan Batak Toba. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1)untuk menyelidiki
ekspresi metafora di dalam pernikaan Batak Toba, 2) untuk menggambarkan
ekspresi metafora yang disampaikan di dalam pernikaan Batak Toba, 3) untuk
menerangkan alasan dari ekspresi metafora yang ditemukan dalam pernikaan
Batak Toba. Data Terdiri dari metafora yang ditemukan dalam pernikaan
Penelitian ini menerapkan desain pennelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan
melalui observasi yang dilakukan dengan rekaman video. Adapun temuan dalam
penelitian ini: 1) ada tiga jenis metafora, yaitu metafora konseptual, metafora
puitis, dan metafora konvensional; 2) ada empat proses ekspresi metafora , yaitu
deifikasi, personifikasi, animalifikasi, reifikasi; 3) ada empat alasan dari ekspresi
metafora yaitu menjelaskan ide dari pengalaman hidup manusia, menjelaskan
sesuatu yang abstrak secara konkret, menjelaskan sesuatu yang belum diketahui
melalui symbol, menjelaskan sesuatu yang tidak dapat disentuh menjadi dapat
disentuh atau dirasakan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa budaya Batak Toba
memiliki aturan and prosedur sendiri.
Kata Kunci : Ekspresi Metafora; Tipe Ekspresi Metafora: Pernikahan Batak
Toba
Abstract
Purba James, Nomor registrasi: 8146111026, Metaphorical Expressions In
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis : English Applied
Linguistic Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan
2014.
This research dealt with the metaphorical expressions in Batak Toba
wedding ceremony. The objectives of this study were: to investigate metaphorical
expressions in wedding ceremony of Batak Toba .2) to describe the metaphorical
expressions are delivered in wedding ceremony of Batak Toba. 3) to explain the
reasons of the metaphorical expressions are found in wedding ceremony of
batak toba. The data were obtained from metaphorical expressions are found in
wedding ceremony. This research applied qualitative research design. The data
were collected through observation by taking video recording. The findings of this
study showed that: 1) there are three types of metaphorical expressions, they are
conceptual metaphor, poetic metaphor, and conventional metaphor; 2) there are
four processes of metaphorical expressions, they are deification, personification,
animalification, reification; 3) there are four reasons of metaphorical expressions
they explaining the idea which is out of human life experience, explaining an
abstract thing concretely, explaining unknown ideas through familiar symbols,
explaining the untouchable to be touchable or tasteable. In this case showed that
Batak Toba culture has its roles and procedures.
Key Words: Metaphorical Expressions; Types of Metaphorical Expressions ;
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study .............................................................
1
1.2
The Problems of the Study .................................................................
8
1.3
The Objectives of the Study ...............................................................
8
1.4
The Scope of the Study ......................................................................
9
1.5
The Significance of the Study ...........................................................
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW LITERATURE
2.1
Metaphorical Expression ....................................................................
10
2.2
Types of Metaphor ............................................................................
26
2.2.1 Conceptual Metaphor ............................................................
26
2.2.2 Poetic Metaphor ....................................................................
27
2.2.3 Conventional Metaphor ..........................................................
29
2.3
Process of Metaphorical Expression ..................................................
35
2.4
Reasons of Expressing Metaphor .......................................................
35
2.4.1
Explaining the Idea Which is Out of Human Life Experience 36
2.4.2 Explaining an Abstract thing Concretely ...............................
36
2.4.3 Explaining Unknown Ideas through Familiar Symbols .........
37
2.4.4 Explaining the Untouchable to be Touchable or Tasteable ....
38
2.5
Philosopy of Batak Toba ....................................................................
38
2.6
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony ........................................................
41
2.6.1 Stages of Traditional Marriage in Batak Toba..........................
41
2.6.1.1 Marhusip(discussing) ................................................
41
2.6.1.2 Marhata Sinamot & Marpudun Saut (discussion on
the bride’s price) .........................................................
41
2.6.1.3 Unjuk (marriage ceremony) .......................................
42
2.7
Relevant Studies .................................................................................
45
2.8
Conceptual Framework ......................................................................
49
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
The Design of the Study ....................................................................
52
3.2.
The Data and Source of Data ............................................................
53
3.3
The Technique of Collecting the Data ...............................................
53
3.4
The Technique of Analyzing the Data ...............................................
53
3.5
The Trustworthiness of the Study ......................................................
55
3.6.1 Credibility ......................................................................
55
3.6.2 Transferability ...............................................................
56
3.6.3 Dependability ................................................................
56
3.6.4 Confirmability ...............................................................
57
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Data ....................................................................................................
59
4.2
Data Analysis .....................................................................................
59
4.2.1 Process of metaphorical Expressions ......................................
77
4.2.3 Reasons of Expressing Metaphor ............................................
88
4.2.3.1
Explaining the Idea Which is Out of
Human Life Experience ..............................................
88
4.2.3.2 Explaining an Abstract thing Concretely ....................
89
4.2.3.1 Explaining Unknown Ideas through
Familiar Symbols........................................................
90
4.2.3.1 Explaining the Untouchable to be Touchable or
Tasteable .....................................................................
91
4.4
Findings ..............................................................................................
92
4.5
Discussion ..........................................................................................
93
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusion ..........................................................................................
95
5.2
Suggestions .........................................................................................
96
REFERENCES .............................................................................................
97
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................100
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is an important thing to learn because it has a major objective
and role in human life. The main objective of language as a communication tool
used by every one starting from the walking up, doing the activity, and until going
to sleep again. In general, all human activities always involve language as a means
to interact among people. A person can express ideas and thoughts convey the
opinions and information through the use of a language, thus a language is a
primary means of communication
Talking about communication understanding, it means it is talking about
meaning understanding. Talking about meaning, there are some aspects that
influence meaning, one of them is culture. The relationship between language and
culture deeply rooted (Leviredge, 2010).
The meaning of a language can be changed in different culture. So,
cultural understanding is very significant to the languge meaning.
Communication is the process of transmitting meaningful symbols
between individuals William as quoted by Hikmat (2010). It shows that
communication process refers to understanding between speakers and listeners. It
is a successful communication when the listeners understand what speakers mean.
To understand it, it needs to know the meaning of idea that is being transferred.
Monoton as system is not a condition in communication, it is caused
1
2
communication functions as a mechanism to run authority, not formula (Shacher
as quoted by Hikmat, 2010). The variety of mechanism lead to variety of
transferring idea.
In delivering meaning, it can be found some phenomena. These occur
when there is no word to use as the word to express it. So, methaporical
expression is used as an alternative expression. The use of the words cannot be
directly understood by others. The experience about the expressions plays as
important role. So, the usage metaphor can be said as the product of habitual. So,
the habitual expressions potentially are metaphorical expressions. In other word,
the metaphorical expression that is being used make as typical words in their
culture.
Since several meanings have uncovered expression material in
communication, it can be as one of the reasons in using methaporical expression
in communication. The similarities of experience about uncover meaning will be
as a conditioned in expressing it. It shows that the meaning of methapor can be
result of an implicit comparison between two ideas such as similarity of
characteristics, qualities, attributes can be used as the comparison. It means that
there are some elements that covered in using metaphorical expression, as Ricards
(1996) quoted by Cruse (2000) says that vehicle, tenor and ground are three
elements in constituting a metaphor. Vehicle is the item(s) used metaphorically,
tenor is the metaphorical meaning of vehicle and the basis for the metaphorical
extension, essentially the common elements of meaning, which is licence the
metaphor is called as ground. For example, ‘His father is a Robinhood’; the tenor
3
is ‘His father’ and ‘Robinhood’ is vehicle. To know the ground of this metaphor
can be seen by analyzing the analogy and similarities between his father and
Robinhood in society. It is known that Robinhood is a legend in England who
always helped poor people. So, the ground of this metaphor is his father always
helps poor people in their village or environment.
The purpose of using the metaphorical meaning is also to be polite the
expression. The politeness commits in using the similarities of the idea being
compared. The diversity of politeness concept makes the metaphorical exression
becomes different in different culture. For example; in giving some advises to the
new couple in cultural ceremony. The advices are transferred through a speech. In
speech, the speaker will involve several thing that used as a metaphorical
expressions, living or dead thing. The use of metaphor in culture refers to the
language politeness.
The language being used is cultural language that refers to the cultural
understanding. To understanding them, it is needed to know the cultural meaning.
Cultural meaning refers to metaphorical meaning. It shows that cultural
understanding plays important role in cultural ceremony understanding in order to
understand the meaning. To understand the metaphorical meaning, in cultural
situation, it needs to know the concept of metaphorical meaning. The concept of
metaphorical meaning in every language must be different. It makes the
metaphorical expressions must be different from one culture to other cultures.
4
Indonesia is a hugely diverse nation. It is a country of many ethnicities,
namely Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese,
Madurese, Minangkabau, Betawi,
Bugis, Banten, Banjar, other or unspecified ethnic. It has some 300 ethnic groups,
as a result of both the country's unique geography and history. Each province has
its own language, ethnic make-up, religions and history. Many Indonesians may
see themselves
first by their ethnic and cultural group and secondly as
Indonesians. Every ethnic group has its own language which is called the
local language or vernaculars.
Language is absolutely used for cultural development. It is a key to
analyze the culture of a particular society. In fact, it is difficult for people to
know and understand a certain society without knowing and mastering the
language since language has a dominant part in cultures. Keller ( 1997:97) points
out that language enables people to store meanings and experiences and to pass
this heritage on to new generations. It means that language is used to convey
a culture to a new generation. It is conveyed through languages as a tool of
communication.
Batak Toba language is one of the ethnic languages in North
Sumatera, which is used by the Toba Batak people to communicate within or in
the areas in wedding ceremony. Actually many Bataknese people still use
TBL in around their daily speaking.
Batak toba culture is one of the Indonesian cultures. The effect of
developing the Batak culture itself is not only to enrich the varieties of Indonesian
5
cultures but also to develop norms and qualities. Batak Toba language as a local
language is spoken not only in North Tapanuli but also outside North Tapanuli.
As a mother tongue, Batak Toba language has the function as a medium of
communication among societies in social interaction and also as the medium of
cultural expression, for example in wedding ceremony. Every social interaction
occurs in the ceremony is performed by using Batak Toba language .
As we know that there are many utterances in Bataknese tradition. The
meaning of the utterances in the Bataknese tradition has a deep meaning in
delivering
advice, blessing, hope, and health. So, they may not add
misinformation to deliver it, so it has meaningless, and break its meaning. The
speakers must have a skill in communicating and delivering the utterances
well. They must be able to deliver a speech well, especially in expressing it. It
means that the speakers can develop it depends on its context. In Bataknese
tradition, the more he can deliver it, the more tremendous he is regarded by
the participants.
There are many the utterances which are delivered by the speakers in
wedding ceremony. The utterances that delivered by the speakers have the
metaphorical expression. Many people that have come to the batak toba wedding
party still confuse about the meaning of the utterance which are delivered by the
speakers especially for the young people, because many people do not know yet
about the metaphorical expressions on utterances that is used in Batak Toba
wedding ceremony.
6
Marriage is the most important part in someone’s life, especially for the
Bataknese in which the marriage ceremony consists of a long process of activities
which are divided in three steps:
1. Marhusip (Limited Discussion)
In this ceremony each side is represented by the mediator practiced
secretly. Marhusip is where the groom’s side directly consults the
bride’s side on the dowry, usually only very close relatives are invites.
Marhusip literally means “to whisper”. It refers to offering aspect. In the
first stage of a traditional wedding, where the whispering which takes
place as the bride’s parent instruct their negotiators. According to Bovil
(1986:139), marhusip is preliminary interaction in which negotiations
about bride-price (sinamot/tuhor).
2. Marhata Sinamot & Marpudun Saut ( Discussion on the bride’s
payment)
The second step after marhusip in Bataknese traditional wedding is
called marhata sinamot & marpudun saut. This step is the discussion of the
financial aspects (Vergonwen 1964:171). He also describes marhata
sinamot is to determine the amount of the marriage payment. Bovil
(1986:139) expands that marhata sinamot is a public announcement of the
agreed-upon bride-price and the form of the ceremony.
3. Marunjuk ( Marriage Blessing)
Marunjuk is the performance of marriage ceremony. Bovil (1986:139)
points that marunjuk is the wedding ceremony itself, which is followed by
7
formal visiting, usually Christian elements, including a church
ceremony are also incorporated. In marunjuk, there are some process
started from tudu-tudu sipanganon event until maningkir tangga event as
the end of the wedding ceremony.
From the three steps above, it is necessary to discuss metaphor in the
traditional Toba Batak wedding ceremony. It is known
that there are some
ceremonies in Toba Batak society, such as birth ceremony , death ceremony, the
ceremony to enter a new house, and the wedding ceremony. Wedding ceremony is
chosen to be analyzed in this thesis since a wedding has a very significant role in
one’s life. It is usually celebrated by inviting many guests, families, and relatives.
It is a long process with many discussions. In performing the cultural
events in Bataknese, there are three components of Bataknese interconnected
which takes important part in every Bataknese cultural event that takes a long
process of talks and discussions. In relation with the talks and discussions
during the wedding ceremony, they use metaphor. For example in the utterance of
marhata sinamot :
Tombak sulu sulu parasaran ni haluang
Hula hula nabasa do hamu na so mohop mida uang
Mohop literally explain about feeling so hot because of weather of
sickness, but metaphorically, mohop in this utterance is the people expect to take
so much money from this wedding.
8
Based on explanation above, Many people that have come to the batak
toba wedding party many people do not know yet about the metaphorical
expressions on utterances which are delivered by the speakers especially for the
young people, therefore the researcher is interested to investigate the types of
metaphor in utterances of Batak Toba wedding ceremony.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated are
formulated as the following:
1.
what metaphorical expressions are found in wedding ceremony of
batak toba ?
2.
how are the metaphorical expressions delivered ?
3.
why are the metaphorical expressions delivered the way they are ?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problem above, the objectives of this study are:
1.
to investigate metaphorical expressions in wedding ceremony of batak
toba.
2.
to describe the metaphorical expressions are delivered in wedding
ceremony of batak toba.
3.
to explain the reasons of the metaphorical expressions are found in
wedding ceremony of batak toba.
9
1.4 The Scope of the Study
A scope needs to be set to avoid a misdirection or further study on this
topic. The analysis of this thesis is focused on metaphors and their
meanings found in wedding ceremony of Batak Toba.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically
and practically. Theoritically, the findings of this study is to enrich the theory of
metaphors between language and culture towards meaning. Practically, the
findings are expected to be useful for; (1) Batak Toba people, as the actor of
Batak Toba culture, to preserve and maintain their culture tradition, (2) local
government as the reflection to preserve the local tradition, (3) other culture actors
as comparation , and (4) other researchers who wants to use the findings of this
research as the references.
WEDDING CEREMONY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Linguistics Study Program in
Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By
JAMES PURBA
Reg. Number : 8146111026
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Jesus the most Gracious and the Most Merciful
First of all, I would like to say praise be to Jesus who has given chance and health to
the writer in order could finish this thesis on time.
The writer would like to express his first advisor Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd,
and his second advisor Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd, for their valuable advice, guidance,
constructive comments and precious time spent out supervising and commenting this thesis
until it appears in its present form.
His special grattitude goes to Dr. Rahmad Husen, M.Ed, as the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program and all Lectures, for the valuable knowledge and
instruction they have imparted to him during the years studying.
Then, a very special debt of grattitude is directed to his beloved parents, Parningotan
Purba,S.Th and Rumini Pane ,S.Th, and to my special woman Juliana Siburian, S.Pd ,
M.Hum., Together with his beloved brothers, Brigadir. Herianto, SH, Hendra Purba, for their
full love, support, care, and prayers.
Finally, he must confess that he has done to accomplish his thesis but he is been
aware that it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticsms, suggestions,
or comments will be highly appreciated.
Medan, 14 Februari 2017
James Purba
Regristration Number: 8146111026
Abstrak
Purba James, Nomor registrasi: 8146111026, Metaphorical Expressions In
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis : English Applied
Linguistic Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan
2014.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan eskpresi metafora dalam Pesta
Pernikahan Batak Toba. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1)untuk menyelidiki
ekspresi metafora di dalam pernikaan Batak Toba, 2) untuk menggambarkan
ekspresi metafora yang disampaikan di dalam pernikaan Batak Toba, 3) untuk
menerangkan alasan dari ekspresi metafora yang ditemukan dalam pernikaan
Batak Toba. Data Terdiri dari metafora yang ditemukan dalam pernikaan
Penelitian ini menerapkan desain pennelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan
melalui observasi yang dilakukan dengan rekaman video. Adapun temuan dalam
penelitian ini: 1) ada tiga jenis metafora, yaitu metafora konseptual, metafora
puitis, dan metafora konvensional; 2) ada empat proses ekspresi metafora , yaitu
deifikasi, personifikasi, animalifikasi, reifikasi; 3) ada empat alasan dari ekspresi
metafora yaitu menjelaskan ide dari pengalaman hidup manusia, menjelaskan
sesuatu yang abstrak secara konkret, menjelaskan sesuatu yang belum diketahui
melalui symbol, menjelaskan sesuatu yang tidak dapat disentuh menjadi dapat
disentuh atau dirasakan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa budaya Batak Toba
memiliki aturan and prosedur sendiri.
Kata Kunci : Ekspresi Metafora; Tipe Ekspresi Metafora: Pernikahan Batak
Toba
Abstract
Purba James, Nomor registrasi: 8146111026, Metaphorical Expressions In
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony. A Thesis : English Applied
Linguistic Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan
2014.
This research dealt with the metaphorical expressions in Batak Toba
wedding ceremony. The objectives of this study were: to investigate metaphorical
expressions in wedding ceremony of Batak Toba .2) to describe the metaphorical
expressions are delivered in wedding ceremony of Batak Toba. 3) to explain the
reasons of the metaphorical expressions are found in wedding ceremony of
batak toba. The data were obtained from metaphorical expressions are found in
wedding ceremony. This research applied qualitative research design. The data
were collected through observation by taking video recording. The findings of this
study showed that: 1) there are three types of metaphorical expressions, they are
conceptual metaphor, poetic metaphor, and conventional metaphor; 2) there are
four processes of metaphorical expressions, they are deification, personification,
animalification, reification; 3) there are four reasons of metaphorical expressions
they explaining the idea which is out of human life experience, explaining an
abstract thing concretely, explaining unknown ideas through familiar symbols,
explaining the untouchable to be touchable or tasteable. In this case showed that
Batak Toba culture has its roles and procedures.
Key Words: Metaphorical Expressions; Types of Metaphorical Expressions ;
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Study .............................................................
1
1.2
The Problems of the Study .................................................................
8
1.3
The Objectives of the Study ...............................................................
8
1.4
The Scope of the Study ......................................................................
9
1.5
The Significance of the Study ...........................................................
9
CHAPTER II REVIEW LITERATURE
2.1
Metaphorical Expression ....................................................................
10
2.2
Types of Metaphor ............................................................................
26
2.2.1 Conceptual Metaphor ............................................................
26
2.2.2 Poetic Metaphor ....................................................................
27
2.2.3 Conventional Metaphor ..........................................................
29
2.3
Process of Metaphorical Expression ..................................................
35
2.4
Reasons of Expressing Metaphor .......................................................
35
2.4.1
Explaining the Idea Which is Out of Human Life Experience 36
2.4.2 Explaining an Abstract thing Concretely ...............................
36
2.4.3 Explaining Unknown Ideas through Familiar Symbols .........
37
2.4.4 Explaining the Untouchable to be Touchable or Tasteable ....
38
2.5
Philosopy of Batak Toba ....................................................................
38
2.6
Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony ........................................................
41
2.6.1 Stages of Traditional Marriage in Batak Toba..........................
41
2.6.1.1 Marhusip(discussing) ................................................
41
2.6.1.2 Marhata Sinamot & Marpudun Saut (discussion on
the bride’s price) .........................................................
41
2.6.1.3 Unjuk (marriage ceremony) .......................................
42
2.7
Relevant Studies .................................................................................
45
2.8
Conceptual Framework ......................................................................
49
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1
The Design of the Study ....................................................................
52
3.2.
The Data and Source of Data ............................................................
53
3.3
The Technique of Collecting the Data ...............................................
53
3.4
The Technique of Analyzing the Data ...............................................
53
3.5
The Trustworthiness of the Study ......................................................
55
3.6.1 Credibility ......................................................................
55
3.6.2 Transferability ...............................................................
56
3.6.3 Dependability ................................................................
56
3.6.4 Confirmability ...............................................................
57
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Data ....................................................................................................
59
4.2
Data Analysis .....................................................................................
59
4.2.1 Process of metaphorical Expressions ......................................
77
4.2.3 Reasons of Expressing Metaphor ............................................
88
4.2.3.1
Explaining the Idea Which is Out of
Human Life Experience ..............................................
88
4.2.3.2 Explaining an Abstract thing Concretely ....................
89
4.2.3.1 Explaining Unknown Ideas through
Familiar Symbols........................................................
90
4.2.3.1 Explaining the Untouchable to be Touchable or
Tasteable .....................................................................
91
4.4
Findings ..............................................................................................
92
4.5
Discussion ..........................................................................................
93
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusion ..........................................................................................
95
5.2
Suggestions .........................................................................................
96
REFERENCES .............................................................................................
97
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................100
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language is an important thing to learn because it has a major objective
and role in human life. The main objective of language as a communication tool
used by every one starting from the walking up, doing the activity, and until going
to sleep again. In general, all human activities always involve language as a means
to interact among people. A person can express ideas and thoughts convey the
opinions and information through the use of a language, thus a language is a
primary means of communication
Talking about communication understanding, it means it is talking about
meaning understanding. Talking about meaning, there are some aspects that
influence meaning, one of them is culture. The relationship between language and
culture deeply rooted (Leviredge, 2010).
The meaning of a language can be changed in different culture. So,
cultural understanding is very significant to the languge meaning.
Communication is the process of transmitting meaningful symbols
between individuals William as quoted by Hikmat (2010). It shows that
communication process refers to understanding between speakers and listeners. It
is a successful communication when the listeners understand what speakers mean.
To understand it, it needs to know the meaning of idea that is being transferred.
Monoton as system is not a condition in communication, it is caused
1
2
communication functions as a mechanism to run authority, not formula (Shacher
as quoted by Hikmat, 2010). The variety of mechanism lead to variety of
transferring idea.
In delivering meaning, it can be found some phenomena. These occur
when there is no word to use as the word to express it. So, methaporical
expression is used as an alternative expression. The use of the words cannot be
directly understood by others. The experience about the expressions plays as
important role. So, the usage metaphor can be said as the product of habitual. So,
the habitual expressions potentially are metaphorical expressions. In other word,
the metaphorical expression that is being used make as typical words in their
culture.
Since several meanings have uncovered expression material in
communication, it can be as one of the reasons in using methaporical expression
in communication. The similarities of experience about uncover meaning will be
as a conditioned in expressing it. It shows that the meaning of methapor can be
result of an implicit comparison between two ideas such as similarity of
characteristics, qualities, attributes can be used as the comparison. It means that
there are some elements that covered in using metaphorical expression, as Ricards
(1996) quoted by Cruse (2000) says that vehicle, tenor and ground are three
elements in constituting a metaphor. Vehicle is the item(s) used metaphorically,
tenor is the metaphorical meaning of vehicle and the basis for the metaphorical
extension, essentially the common elements of meaning, which is licence the
metaphor is called as ground. For example, ‘His father is a Robinhood’; the tenor
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is ‘His father’ and ‘Robinhood’ is vehicle. To know the ground of this metaphor
can be seen by analyzing the analogy and similarities between his father and
Robinhood in society. It is known that Robinhood is a legend in England who
always helped poor people. So, the ground of this metaphor is his father always
helps poor people in their village or environment.
The purpose of using the metaphorical meaning is also to be polite the
expression. The politeness commits in using the similarities of the idea being
compared. The diversity of politeness concept makes the metaphorical exression
becomes different in different culture. For example; in giving some advises to the
new couple in cultural ceremony. The advices are transferred through a speech. In
speech, the speaker will involve several thing that used as a metaphorical
expressions, living or dead thing. The use of metaphor in culture refers to the
language politeness.
The language being used is cultural language that refers to the cultural
understanding. To understanding them, it is needed to know the cultural meaning.
Cultural meaning refers to metaphorical meaning. It shows that cultural
understanding plays important role in cultural ceremony understanding in order to
understand the meaning. To understand the metaphorical meaning, in cultural
situation, it needs to know the concept of metaphorical meaning. The concept of
metaphorical meaning in every language must be different. It makes the
metaphorical expressions must be different from one culture to other cultures.
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Indonesia is a hugely diverse nation. It is a country of many ethnicities,
namely Javanese, Bataknese, Sundanese,
Madurese, Minangkabau, Betawi,
Bugis, Banten, Banjar, other or unspecified ethnic. It has some 300 ethnic groups,
as a result of both the country's unique geography and history. Each province has
its own language, ethnic make-up, religions and history. Many Indonesians may
see themselves
first by their ethnic and cultural group and secondly as
Indonesians. Every ethnic group has its own language which is called the
local language or vernaculars.
Language is absolutely used for cultural development. It is a key to
analyze the culture of a particular society. In fact, it is difficult for people to
know and understand a certain society without knowing and mastering the
language since language has a dominant part in cultures. Keller ( 1997:97) points
out that language enables people to store meanings and experiences and to pass
this heritage on to new generations. It means that language is used to convey
a culture to a new generation. It is conveyed through languages as a tool of
communication.
Batak Toba language is one of the ethnic languages in North
Sumatera, which is used by the Toba Batak people to communicate within or in
the areas in wedding ceremony. Actually many Bataknese people still use
TBL in around their daily speaking.
Batak toba culture is one of the Indonesian cultures. The effect of
developing the Batak culture itself is not only to enrich the varieties of Indonesian
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cultures but also to develop norms and qualities. Batak Toba language as a local
language is spoken not only in North Tapanuli but also outside North Tapanuli.
As a mother tongue, Batak Toba language has the function as a medium of
communication among societies in social interaction and also as the medium of
cultural expression, for example in wedding ceremony. Every social interaction
occurs in the ceremony is performed by using Batak Toba language .
As we know that there are many utterances in Bataknese tradition. The
meaning of the utterances in the Bataknese tradition has a deep meaning in
delivering
advice, blessing, hope, and health. So, they may not add
misinformation to deliver it, so it has meaningless, and break its meaning. The
speakers must have a skill in communicating and delivering the utterances
well. They must be able to deliver a speech well, especially in expressing it. It
means that the speakers can develop it depends on its context. In Bataknese
tradition, the more he can deliver it, the more tremendous he is regarded by
the participants.
There are many the utterances which are delivered by the speakers in
wedding ceremony. The utterances that delivered by the speakers have the
metaphorical expression. Many people that have come to the batak toba wedding
party still confuse about the meaning of the utterance which are delivered by the
speakers especially for the young people, because many people do not know yet
about the metaphorical expressions on utterances that is used in Batak Toba
wedding ceremony.
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Marriage is the most important part in someone’s life, especially for the
Bataknese in which the marriage ceremony consists of a long process of activities
which are divided in three steps:
1. Marhusip (Limited Discussion)
In this ceremony each side is represented by the mediator practiced
secretly. Marhusip is where the groom’s side directly consults the
bride’s side on the dowry, usually only very close relatives are invites.
Marhusip literally means “to whisper”. It refers to offering aspect. In the
first stage of a traditional wedding, where the whispering which takes
place as the bride’s parent instruct their negotiators. According to Bovil
(1986:139), marhusip is preliminary interaction in which negotiations
about bride-price (sinamot/tuhor).
2. Marhata Sinamot & Marpudun Saut ( Discussion on the bride’s
payment)
The second step after marhusip in Bataknese traditional wedding is
called marhata sinamot & marpudun saut. This step is the discussion of the
financial aspects (Vergonwen 1964:171). He also describes marhata
sinamot is to determine the amount of the marriage payment. Bovil
(1986:139) expands that marhata sinamot is a public announcement of the
agreed-upon bride-price and the form of the ceremony.
3. Marunjuk ( Marriage Blessing)
Marunjuk is the performance of marriage ceremony. Bovil (1986:139)
points that marunjuk is the wedding ceremony itself, which is followed by
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formal visiting, usually Christian elements, including a church
ceremony are also incorporated. In marunjuk, there are some process
started from tudu-tudu sipanganon event until maningkir tangga event as
the end of the wedding ceremony.
From the three steps above, it is necessary to discuss metaphor in the
traditional Toba Batak wedding ceremony. It is known
that there are some
ceremonies in Toba Batak society, such as birth ceremony , death ceremony, the
ceremony to enter a new house, and the wedding ceremony. Wedding ceremony is
chosen to be analyzed in this thesis since a wedding has a very significant role in
one’s life. It is usually celebrated by inviting many guests, families, and relatives.
It is a long process with many discussions. In performing the cultural
events in Bataknese, there are three components of Bataknese interconnected
which takes important part in every Bataknese cultural event that takes a long
process of talks and discussions. In relation with the talks and discussions
during the wedding ceremony, they use metaphor. For example in the utterance of
marhata sinamot :
Tombak sulu sulu parasaran ni haluang
Hula hula nabasa do hamu na so mohop mida uang
Mohop literally explain about feeling so hot because of weather of
sickness, but metaphorically, mohop in this utterance is the people expect to take
so much money from this wedding.
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Based on explanation above, Many people that have come to the batak
toba wedding party many people do not know yet about the metaphorical
expressions on utterances which are delivered by the speakers especially for the
young people, therefore the researcher is interested to investigate the types of
metaphor in utterances of Batak Toba wedding ceremony.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated are
formulated as the following:
1.
what metaphorical expressions are found in wedding ceremony of
batak toba ?
2.
how are the metaphorical expressions delivered ?
3.
why are the metaphorical expressions delivered the way they are ?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problem above, the objectives of this study are:
1.
to investigate metaphorical expressions in wedding ceremony of batak
toba.
2.
to describe the metaphorical expressions are delivered in wedding
ceremony of batak toba.
3.
to explain the reasons of the metaphorical expressions are found in
wedding ceremony of batak toba.
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1.4 The Scope of the Study
A scope needs to be set to avoid a misdirection or further study on this
topic. The analysis of this thesis is focused on metaphors and their
meanings found in wedding ceremony of Batak Toba.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
Findings of the study are expected to be relevant and useful theoretically
and practically. Theoritically, the findings of this study is to enrich the theory of
metaphors between language and culture towards meaning. Practically, the
findings are expected to be useful for; (1) Batak Toba people, as the actor of
Batak Toba culture, to preserve and maintain their culture tradition, (2) local
government as the reflection to preserve the local tradition, (3) other culture actors
as comparation , and (4) other researchers who wants to use the findings of this
research as the references.