CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Cooperation is working together to accomplish shared goals. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups to let students work together to maximize their
learning in order to achieve their goals. Cooperative learning is now one of the most promising practices in the field of education. Many research show that cooperative
learning results in a higher achievement and greater productivity; b more caring, supportive , and committed relationships, and c greater psychological health, social ,
competence, and self – esteem Johnson Johnson,1998; Kagan, 1994; Slavin,1985.
In this chapter, concepts like Cooperative learning, Achievement, Literature in English and English language acquisition and learning are first explained. This is
followed by some discussions on the three major theories pertaining to second language acquisition SLA namely, the behaviourist, nativist and interactionist. Moreover,
Communicative approach to language teaching and group work will be briefly discussed. Finally, some discussions on the previous research and studies on cooperative learning
are also included.
2.2 Cooperative Learning
Cooperative learning is an important concept being dealt with in this research. According to Johnson Johnson 1998, Cooperative learning is grouping students
together to accomplish shared learning goals. Students work in small groups of three or four to get the most out of their own learning and each other’s learning. They encourage
and support each other to learn and are responsible for their own as well as their teammates’ learning.
Johnson Johnson 1998 also said that Cooperative learning is a student- centered approach that believes that active learning is more effective than passive one
where the teacher becomes a facilitator rather than an instructor. Through cooperative learning, students have to exchange ideas, make plans and propose solutions to
accomplish a collaborative goal. Therefore, it can enhance students’ social and personal developments.
Kagan 1990 introduced a Co-Op Co-Op Cooperative learning strategy. According to Kagan 1990, ‘ Co-op Co-op is structured to maximize the opportunity for
small groups of students to work together to produce a group product and then share this product with the whole class 14:2.’
This will provide opportunities for students to help each other among teams. It also provides students choices for the content they want to study. Co-Op Co-Op is
designed to foster students’ self-direction and independence in learning Daniel, Barbara, and Diane,1991.
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