Limitation of the study

2.3 Achievement

Achievement is another important concept being dealt with in this research. In this research, achievements can be categorized as achievement in academic performance and social development in acquiring English language by using cooperative learning approach. i Achievement in Academic Performance Achievement in academic performance refers to the positive effects of cooperative learning on academic achievement among the students. It also means that cooperative learning can promote higher academic achievement and greater motivation than individual learning. Students can achieve higher scores on academic examinations such as PMR and SPM. They also have higher proficiency in critical reasoning strategies and abilities. ii Achievement in Social Development Achievement in social development refers to the positive effects of Cooperative learning on social relationships among students in the same group. All students, regardless of their ability levels and social backgrounds have the opportunity to develop positive and productive relationships Slavin, 1985. Positive and productive relationships promote communication and increase the participation of students. It is believed that through this cooperative learning, students can learn from each other and establish closer ties and become more confident.

2.4 Literature in English

Literature in English is also an important concept frequently referred to in this research. The English language curriculum in KBSM advocates the use of literature in the English language lesson. Since the implementation of the KBSM English Language Programme in Secondary Schools in Malaysia, the literature is taught through two channels which are, the incorporation of literary materials in school textbooks and the Class Reader Programme. The literature in English component aims to enrich language learning, inculcate the reading habit among students, improve language proficiency as well as infuse an appreciation of literary works. Beginning in 2001, the literature component has been included in the SPM English Language Paper. For Form 4 literature component, students have to study six poems and five short stories. For Form 5 literature component, students have to study at least one novel. Hence, it is important for students to learn to comprehend and to answer correctly on the examination questions so that they can perform well in the literature component in the SPM English papers Lim and Yong, 2005.