Language Production REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter contains theories which are used by the researcher to conduct the research. This chapter presents language production, the meaning of error, pronunciation error which contains of pronunciation problems and slip of tongue, types of slips of the tongue, self monitoring, and review of the previous research.

2.1 Language Production

Everyone wants to convey their message or information to make a conversation to other people, so that they produce their speech as Fromkin and Ratner in Rimawati 2009: 10 argue that when we produced an utterance corresponding to some thought we wish to convey the message but the storage space of the brain is finite. This means that it cannot store the infinite number of sentences that we may ever need to produce. Webster 1990:162-173, “language is a systematic means of communicating feelings or ideas by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures or marks having understood meanings.” Beside the previous definition, there are some other definitions about what language is, thus will make easy to understand it. Taylor 1990: 5 states that “a language is a system of signs e.g. speech sounds, hand gestures, letters used to communicate messages.” In addition, Taylor 1990: 8 states that “humans use language for varied functions: to request, negate, or question, or to provide information; to complain, promise, or apologize to other humans and they can use language to misinform.” Following Carroll 1999: 4 states that “few things play such as central a role in our everyday lives as language. It is our most important tool in communicating our thoughts and feelings to each other. ” Following Levelt in Caroll 1999: 192, we may distinguish four stages of production: conceptualizing, formulating, articulating, and self monitoring. First, we must conceptualize what we wish to communicate. Second, we formulate this thought into a linguistic plan. Third, we execute the plan through the muscles in the speech system. Finally, we monitor our speech, to assess whether it is what intended to say and how we intended to say it. Monitoring in this case is aimed to avoid of making errors. Before knowing some types of error, we have to know the meaning of error first.

2.2 The Meaning of Error