into two groups. The first is primary motives. They concern biological needs that are considered as vital and for survival. They include hunger, thirst, the need for
air, rest, and sexual desire. The second group consists of social motives. These motives come from learning and social interaction. They include the needs for
affiliation, aggression, and achievement. In summary, motivation can be defined as a specific need, desire, or want
that arouse and direct behavior toward a goal. This need, desire, or want will make people keep their efforts to achieve their goals. When a person has already set his
motivation up, efforts can occur even if obstacles and difficulties also occur in his life. Motivation is also able to lead people behave in certain actions that support
them in achieving their goals. Therefore, by being motivated, it will keep people struggling in accomplishing their goal.
5. Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force, says that people conduct actions to fulfill their needs 38. He states, “The human being is motivated by a number of
basic needs which are species-wide, apparently unchanging, and genetic or instinctual in origin”. It can be said that motivation is shaped from human basic
needs. When people need and want something, then it will be their motivation to achieve it in many ways.
Maslow as quoted in Goble 38-42 proposes seven human basic needs, but only five needs, which are discussed in this study. They are physiological
needs, the safety needs, the belongingness and love needs, the esteem needs, and the self-actualization needs. These five basic needs are also known as the
hierarchy of needs. Maslow also points out that these needs are interrelated and they cannot be treated as separate. It means that a person who thinks he is hungry
may actually be feeling lack of love and security or some other needs. Furthermore, he argues that the lowest needs have to be satisfied first before the
higher-level needs of the hierarchy are satisfied. When people have sufficiently fulfilled the lowest needs, they will move forward to the higher needs qtd. in
Goble 39. The explanation of each need is as follows:
a. Physiological Needs
The most powerful and important of all basic needs are the needs for physical survival. They include the needs for food, liquid, shelter, sex, sleep, and
oxygen. Maslow in Goble 38 points out “For the man who is extremely hungry, no other interests exist but food. He dreams food, he remembers food
… and he wants only food.” It means that this physiological need must be fulfilled first before fulfilling the next higher needs.
b. Safety Needs
According to Maslow, once the physiological needs are sufficiently satisfied, the safety needs emerge. Needs for security, stability, protection, order, and
freedom from fear, anxiety, and physical violence are included in the safety needs. In fulfilling safety needs, people in general will seek for consistency,
fairness, and certain amount of routine in life. When his life is in danger, a man will consider other higher needs as unimportant. He will seek for security
and protection from the things that are considered as harmful. The preference
of a job with tenure and financial protection, the establishment of saving account and insurance may be regarded as motivated by safety seeking qtd. in
Goble 39-40. c.
Belongingness and Love Needs These needs of belongingness and love emerge primarily when the
physiological and safety needs have been met. People satisfy their love needs by establishing an intimate and caring relationship with another person or with
people in general. Moreover, this relationship is just as important to give love as to receive it. Maslow also adds that love involves a healthy and loving
relationship between two people, which include mutual trust. Everybody needs love. Therefore, lack of love can stop the individual growth and his potential
development qtd. in Goble 40-41. d.
Esteem Needs The needs for self-esteem can become dominant when the first three classes of
needs are sufficiently satisfied. Maslow as quoted in Goble 42 distinguishes two types of esteem needs; self-respect and esteem from others. Self-esteem
includes such needs as desire for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. While, externally derived esteem
can be based on recognition, acceptance, attention, reputation, appreciation, admiration, status, fame, prestige, or social success, and all characteristics of
how others think of us and react to us. When we feel a sense of self-esteem, we are confident and secure in ourselves; we feel worthy and adequate.
Furthermore, we will be capable to complete life’s demands. In contrast, when
we lack of self-esteem, we feel inferior, discouraged, and helpless in facing this life. As an addition, Maslow also points out that the healthiest self-esteem
is based on deserved respect from others. e.
Self-Actualization Needs According to Maslow, if we have satisfied all of these needs, we are then
driven by the highest need called the need for self-actualization. Self- actualization can be regarded as the best development and use of all our
abilities, the fulfillment of all our qualities and capacities. We must become what we have the potential to become. Briefly, it deals with the identification
of the psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential. A self-actualizing person makes maximum use of his abilities,
develops his talents and potentials, and becomes the sort of person he really is qtd. in Goble 42.
All the basic needs mentioned above are important. However, it depends on the ability of each individual to fulfill his needs. Every people will have
different process while fulfilling the needs and they may not appear as mentioned above. Maslow as quoted in Goble 45-46 also cautions against viewing the
hierarchy of needs too precisely. We should not assume that security needs do not emerge until the need for food is entirely satisfied, or that the need for love does
not emerge before the need for safety is fully satisfied. Most people have partially satisfied most of their basic needs, but they still have some unsatisfied basic
needs. Therefore, these unsatisfied needs will have the greatest influence on behavior.
6. Struggle for Life
