Projection of Ideas and Facts

2.5 Projection of Ideas and Facts

The speech and thought presentation has received a great attention in stylistic analysis of a story. It cannot be detached from a story since a story generally contains a number of speech and thought. Speech and thought presentation, both of them are known under the discourse presentation, are also part of the analysis about narrators in the sense that the readers can see things from the point of view of the particular narrator through the presentation of speech and thought. Various techniques in the presentation of speech and thought can create different effects in narrating the story. However, considering the focus of the study, this theoretical review will present only the thought presentation, known also as the ‘inner speech’. In a fiction, it is very rare that the thought presentation appears in the form of phenomenal as phenomenon with mental process verbs. Often, it appears as clause complex with logico-semantic relation. Logico-semantic relation is “… the specific type of meaning relationship between linked clauses.” Eggins, 2004: 259. The diagram below is adopted from Thompson 2004, 214 and Eggins, 2004, 259 Figure 2.5.1 Logico-S Based on the presentation belongs function to expand th that the primary claus Matthiessen 2004 a locution and idea. Th the latter is the though The projection embedded. When the paratactic, but when Halliday and Matthi presented in quotes an and paratactic, Hallid the projection of idea Logico- Semantic R Semantic Relation of Clause Complex he logico-semantic relation between clause gs to the projection type. Unlike the expandin the meaning of the primary clause, the projec use projects the meaning of the secondary claus and Thompson 2004. The projecting typ The former is known as the speech verbal pre ght mental presentation. n of idea can be in the form of paratactic, the two clauses have the equal status, it is en they are in the unequal status, the form thiessen, 2004. In the thought presentation, t s and the hypotactic is in reports. In addition to lliday and Matthiessen 2004 and Thompson ea also can be in the form of embedded clause. c Relation Dependency Hypotac Paratac Semantic Relation Expanding Projecting ses, the thought ding type that has jecting type shows ause Halliday and type projects both presentation while ic, hypotactic and is in the form of orm is hypotactic , the paratactic is n to the hypotactic n 2004 add that tactic tactic Elaborating Extending Enhancing Locution Idea Table 2.5.1. The Basic Categories of Idea Mental Projection Categories Examples Quote Paratactic Jack thought, ‘Am I crazy?’ Report Hypotactic Sue hoped that the rain would stop soon. Embedded My desire to travel abroad should be reconsidered. The quote form is used differently from the report. When a clause is quoted direct, “the projected paratactic quote does not need to fit in with the projecting clause in mood, reference, register, dialect, etc” Thompson, 2004: 210. On the other hand, when a clause is reported indirect, the meaning, rather than the word, is projected. Thus, it is “fully incorporated into our own message, there is a greater degree of fit with the projecting clause: the mood choices reflect our present context and purpose, as do the reference items; and there is typically consistency of register and dialect” Thompson, 2004: 210. The following is the example how to analyze the projection of ideas. He knew she was angry Interpersonal α ‘β Mood Residue Mood Residue Subject Fin. Predic. Subj. Fin. Predic. Compl. Experiential Senser Mental-Cog Carrier Relational Attribute The projected ideas can be grouped into two speech functions, propositions and proposals. Halliday and Matthiessen 2004 explain that propositions are used to exchange information. Thus, propositions consist of statement and question in finite. On the other hand, proposals are to exchange things that consist of command or offering. They can be in the finite with modulation or non-finite perfective. It is very limited that proposals are expressed in non-finite imperfective. Below is the summary of the speech functions of projection based on Halliday and Matthiessen 2004. Table 2.5.2. The Speech Functions of Projection The Speech Functions Forms Examples Propositions Statement Declarative Finite Jill felt that she was really tired . He wondered where he put his wallet . Question Interrogati ve yes- no wh- Proposals Command Imperative 1. Finite: with modulation should, ought to, must, have to, is to, might, could, would 2. Non-finite a. Perfective b. Imperfective limited 1 I wish she would come. 2a She wants the students to explain it clearly. 2b “She suggested talking it over” Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004: 459 Offering So far, the examples above show that the projected clause is projected by the mental process with senser, but it is not always so. The idea can be explicitly recognized when it serves as post-modifier qualifier of the noun usually derived from verb of report in embedded clause, e.g. his friends have the same doubt with him whether the examination schedule has changed. Doubt in the example above is the projection noun, and the examination schedule has changed is the idea projected. Other examples of the projection nouns are thought, belief, knowledge, feeling, notion, suspicion, sense, idea, expectation, view, opinion, prediction, assumption, conviction, discovery, question, intention, desire, hope, inclination, decision, resolve and wish Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004. The embedded idea as the above may have some patterns. The table below is the summary from Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 469. Table 2.5.3 The Embedded Idea with Mental Process Noun Propositions Stating Finite: that + indirect indicative Non-finite: of + imperfective Questioning Finite: if whether or wh- +indirect indicative Non-finite: whether or wh- + to + perfective Proposals Offering, Suggestion Finite: future indirect indicative Non-finite: to + perfective or of + imperfective Commanding Finite: modulated future indirect indicative Non-finite: to + perfective Besides, the projected idea can be embedded with adjective and noun indicating the types of sensing. They should indicate cognition, probability, usuality, emotion, desire and obligation Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004. 19 Now, it is clear for him that his friend has betrayed him Attributive relational process. 20 The surprising fact is that many people in the village have not been evacuated Identifying relational process. 21 There is a possibility that they will reject the legislation Existential process However, often, ideas are not embedded with a mental process noun. Halliday and Matthiessen 2004 and Thompson 2004 call it fact. Thompson 2004 explains that fact here does not correlate with truth, but the fact here means any ideas expressed without the appearance of the thinker. It expresses comments, labels and evaluations, e.g. it is strange that the room is empty. The fact implicitly denotes the mental process. According to Halliday and Matthiessen 2004, it has four subclasses that have to show cases, chances, proofs and needs. The fact can be embedded in either relational process or impersonal mental process. Those two types are the most common processes. It can be embedded in existential process also, but it is very rare. 22 It is the case that he robs the bank Relational process. 23 It seems that she will go for a long time Impersonal mental process. 24 There are evidences that she commits suicide Existential Process. The embedded clause can also appear with mental process verbs. See the examples below. 25 She thought that her dog was happy. 26 She regretted the fact that her dog was dead because of an accident. Example 25 is the projection of idea, but example 26 is not. Example 26 is a fact which is embedded. In the projection of idea in example 25, the idea that her dog was happy is brought into existence because of her thinking. On the contrary, the fact in example 26 that her dog was dead because of an accident has already existed. The projected idea in example 25 cannot be preceded by the fact , cannot be preceded by her dog’s death, can be quoted, and can be substituted by so. On the other hand, the projected clause in example 26 can be preceded by a ‘fact’ noun, can be replaced by a nominal group her dog’s death, cannot be quoted, and cannot substituted by so but by it. The mental verb in example 26 is also emotive rather than cognitive. Figure 2.5.2 Analyzin Adapted from: Hallida The Mental Representations zing Mental Representations liday and Matthiessen 2004 and Leech and Sh Mental Process Verbs Types Perceptive Cognitive Desiderative Emotive Forms Phenomenal Macro-phenomen Micro-phenomen Free Forms FIT and FDT Non-Declarative Mood Declarative Mood Modalities Embedded Idea Mental Nouns Fact Noun Short 2007 enal enal Reporting IT Quoting DT ve Interrogative Imperative Exclamative Clauses showing evaluation, mostly relational and existential cases chances proofs needs

2.6 Thought Presentations