Review of Related Studies

12 Due to the many different forms of perspectives on patriarchy, there needs to be a set of standard to define and recognize patriarchy within the society. For this reason, Walby 1991 defines six aspects of society where patriarchy can be observed, to prove whether patriarchy exists within that society or not. The six aspects are paid employment, household production, culture, sexuality, violence, and state. a. Paid Employment In this section, Walby explores how patriarchy can be seen in the workplace. She believes that more and more women are entering the workforce, something that could hardly be seen before. However, despite of that, inequality between men and women still happen. She believes that inequality between the two genders appear in other forms such as payment, specific access, and others. She claims that ―women are gaining access to the public sphere of paid employment, but subordinated to men within it‖ p. 59. b. Household Production Household production focuses more on women‘s decision on getting married and doing domestic works. Walby believes that gender gap between men and women is starting to diminish. More men are doing domestic labor, and women are no longer bound to their husbands until death. Divorce rates are increasing, and more women spend their time outside their house. Unfortunately, the recent shift in gender gives a little benefit for women because society‘s evolution is slow. Walby has said, ―in a patriarchally-structured labour market, 13 women, if they have children, are rarely able to earn sufficiently to keep themselves above poverty line‖ p. 89. c. Culture Walby compares the culture of the world in the past before and now. Before, male-centered world was an unwritten rule for women. Women are supposed to focus on their families and husbands instead of themselves pp. 104- 107. Now, the world is different. More women enter the workforce, and men no longer deny the space for women. However, there are some aspects of women where women are still degraded, with pornography being one of those aspects p. 107. d. Sexuality Sexuality is another aspect where patriarchy can be seen. Walby claims that patriarchy has less control over women‘s sexuality due to the facts that society gives more favors on women‘s freedom now. Some of the freedom allowed in society now are things such as divorce, no discrimination toward women who have children out of wedlock, birth control, freedom of choosing sexual partners, and so on. However, the pressure of domination is still there. It can be seen in the reflection of women domination in pornographies, and some societies still pressure women into marriage p. 127. e. Violence Male violence exists in many forms. Some of the forms are rape, sexual abuse, domestic violence, and sexual harassment p. 128. The first-wave feminists successfully gain major changes. Due to first-wave feminists, beating