state “the Internet-alias the Net-is also known as cyberspace, the information superhighway, the online community, the electronic library and the digital
revolution: all a series of creative metaphors trying to define it.” 2000:1. If we talk about internet, people may talk about web. World wide web, or it is
commonly known as web is “an ambitious project whose goal is to offer a simple, consistent interface to the vast resources of the internet.” Hahn, 1994:495. The
other researchers also try to define what the web is. Dudeney and Hockly define “The web is a source of content which can be used as a window on the wider
world outside your class, and is-of course- a readily available of authentic material.” 2007:27 To understand the relation between internet and web, the
researcher illustrates it in a picture below:
Figure 2.2 The Relation between Internet and Web
As the researcher wrote before internet is a “group of worldwide”. The group of worldwide or webs on the figure above are such as: facebook, yahoo,
google, hotmail, usd.ac.id Sanata Dharma’s website. Those webs are grouped together in an unlimited place named internet. By browsing those webs and many
more webs, students are able to access information and get the references for their tasks. Nowadays, students and language professionals become more familiar with
internet. Teeler and Gray also state “…the internet becomes more popular, but for the moment English is the common language. This is what makes it such a perfect
tool for English Language Teaching.” 2000: 3 Language professionals such as lecturers in universities use internet as
tools to get additional materials to teach their students, it is because internet is easy to use and most of webs in the internet use English, ”English, as an
international language, is being used in technologically mediated contexts.” Dudeney Hockly, 2007:8 Because of the use of the internet, it influences the
development of English language teaching. Dudeney and Hockly say ”using the range of Information and Communication Technology ICT tools can give
learners exposure to and practice in all of the four main language skills-speaking, listening, writing and reading.” 2007:8 This reason motivates the researcher to
see more deeply the influence of the internet among students by investigating what are students problems in citing the online sources especially in writing class.
2. Documentation Style in Writing
In writing a paper, it is necessary to add additional information as the references and also to strengthen the topic written. As a consequence, it is
important to write where the information comes from. It is the documentation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Memering in his book conveys “Documentation refers to the method by which writers tell their readers where information came from.” 1989:145
There are various documentation styles in writing that writers use: MLA Modern Language Association, APA American Psychological Association, APSA
American Political Science Association, ChicagoTurabian, CBE Council of Biology Editors, and numbered references. Sanata Dharma also has a rule in
writing especially for those who write their thesis; it is called undergraduate thesis and final paper guidelines. In this chapter, the writer only discusses two
documentation styles that are widely and commonly used in the academic field. They are MLA and APA documentation style. Here the writer reviews some rules
in citing based on MLA, and APA style. As the writer wrote before, the writer discusses two widely used
documentation styles, MLA and APA. The important thing to remember is that students or writers need to understand the consistency in writing. In other words,
if students choose a certain writing style, they have to stick with that. So before students compose their writing project, it is necessary to understand the
documentation style in writing. Choosing a documentation style is based on the field of writing. In writing a thesis, MLA style is used in a literature field, but
APA is used in non-literature field. Both documentation styles were similar, but they have differences. Mc Connell library conveyed differences between those
two documentation styles: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Table 2.1 The Differences Between APA and MLA
APA MLA Parenthetical Citation in
Text
Uses author name, date of publication, and page
number Uses author name and page
Authorseditors Uses last name and first
initial. Lists all authors Spells out available names.
If more than 3 list first and et al.
Titles Capitalizes first word
Capitalizes every important word
Publisher Uses full name
Shortens name
Place of publication Lists state abbreviations
when city is lesser known Only lists city
Pages Lists first page and
additional pages Uses + for pages after the
first one
Dates Follows authors name
Placed at end of citation
Indentions First line of an entry is
indented, second and subsequent lines are flush
with the left margin First line is flush with left
margin, second and subsequent lines are
indented
Source Mc Connell Library, 2005 This research reviews more about online sources based on those two
documentation styles. Here, the writer provides the information in citing online sources based on APA and MLA documentation style.
a. APA Style
American Psychological Association APA style published by American Psychological Association is really common in educational field especially if
students write non-literature research paper. APA is often used in science, education, and business. APA style provided “standard” in writing including
every little part in writing, such as period, comma, verbs, and nouns. Further the researcher reviews some theories related to APA documentation, including direct
quotation and writing bibliography from online sources. Before that the researcher reviews about quotation. UW-Madison 2009:5 conveyed some reasons for
quoting: •
To show that an authority supports your points •
To present a position or argument to critique or comment on •
To include especially moving or historically significant language •
To Present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized
This review of quotation and bibliography focuses on which the source derived from online. “In general, you should cite an electronic source within your paper in
the same way as you would a print source.” “Cite an Electronic Source”, 2009
1 Direct Quotation
Here some ways on citing works based on certain conditions that students often find in citing online sources.
1 Citing a Work by an Author
In citing a work by an author, APA documentation style uses the surname of the author followed by the year of publication separated by a coma. In
Publication Manual of American Psychological Association book, it was written “Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent references to a
study as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article.” 2002: 208
Incorrect In 2000 Walker compared reaction times
Correct Walker 2000 compared reaction times
In a recent study of reaction times Walker, 2000
2 Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
Citing a work by multiple authors in APA documentation style has a little difference with MLA documentation style, especially in citing a work by more
than three authors. When citing a work with two authors, the surname of the authors should be written followed by the year. For a work written by three to five
authors, Dees conveyed “Name each author the first time the work is cited, but in subsequent citations, give only the first author’s last name, followed by a comma
and et al.” 2003:308 The word et al. was not italicized and it was written with a period after “al”.
First citation: DiMaggio, Hargittai, Neuman, and Robinson 2001 believe that
sociologists could do more extensive research on Internet usage. Subsequent citation:
…while Link and Phelan 2001 identify five components of stigma. When citing a work by six or more authors, APA unveils that “cite only surname
of the first author followed by et al. not italicized and with a period after “al” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.” 2002:209
Example: Source from Dees, 2003:308 According to Brunell et al. 2001, such recovery does not last.
3 Citing a Work with No Author
Sometimes writers find some works with no author, writers have to “cite in the text the first few words of the reference list entry usually the title and the
year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report.” APA, 2002:210-211,
example: On free care “Study Finds,”1982
The book College Bound Seniors 1979
4 Citing a Specific Parts of a Source
To cite a specific part of a source, there are some differences between APA and MLA. Dees find “APA documentation style uses the abbreviations p.
and pp. for the words page and pages, ch. for chapter, and sec. for section respectively.” 2003:311 Example:
French 2002 concludes that “the persistence of extreme poverty in the face of unprecedented plenty … calls into question the durability of our
current globalization path” p.198
2 Bibliography from Online Sources
In writing the bibliography, especially when the source comes from online, there are some notes that writers need to understand. APA gives the form
in writing the bibliography when the source comes from online 2002:233: Author, A. A. 2000. Title of work. Retrieved month day, year. From source.
Sometimes students find no date of the online sources, Dees 2003:322 wrote “Indicate sites that are not dated with the abbreviation ‘n.d.’” example:
Tobacco use among youth n.d. Retrieved December 15, 2001, from http:tobaccofreekids.orgresearchfactsheetspdf0002.pdf
In writing the title of the article, the writer should capitalize only the first word of the title. And for the website address, it is written at the end of the retrieval
statement APA, 2002:229.
b. MLA Style
Manual Language Association MLA is “a nationwide association of teachers and scholars that sets standards for publishing papers about literature and
modern and classical languages.” Dees, 2003:231 This documentation style requires three methods of acknowledging sources in a research paper, they are:
1 parenthetical intext citation of sources, 2 full documentation in the Works Cited pages, and 3 content notes.232
Intext citation is also known as parenthetical documentation. Intext citation is important in writing a paper because it shows exactly what the
researcher writes and the reader will be easier in finding where the information comes from. Intext citation means “identifying the source of any borrowed
material immediately as it appears, right in the text of the paper.” Dees, 2003:232 To make it clear, here the example of intext citation:
from Dees, 2003:233 Author
According to Berman, adopted children “want to be connected PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
with a past heritage or a genealogical history” Page number 119.
Full documentation in the Works Cited pages or people know it as references, are a page or some pages where the writer of the research paper writes
all of the sources he or she gets. This part is necessary to show the validity and originality of the paper. The reference aims to identify and retrieve each source in
the paper. In MLA documentation style, there is some information that should be written in reference page, such as: author’s name, titles, place of publication,
shorten publisher’ name, and copyright date. Memering says that “content note is a note from you to your readers.”
1989:147. The content note is used to give additional explanation or information to the text written on a paper. Content notes are known as end notes or foot notes.
Nowadays most of writers of research paper do not use content notes, they use quotation or citation in-text citation in their paper because of its effectiveness.
The content notes are written raised half a line with number. But, some researchers thought that writers should have few content notes, Memering find “If
you have more than three, you should reconsider what you are doing: too much material is being treated as incidental when its sheer quantity seems to suggest
otherwise.” 1989: 148. Dees 2003:241-243 conveyed that there are some conditions if writers want to use content notes:
1 To elaborate on matters not strictly relevant to the text discussion.
2 To add clarification.
3 To evaluate or compare sources.
4 To provide statistics.
5 To explain methods or procedures.
6 To cite additional sources.
7 To shorten major source citations
8 To define important terms.
Here the example of content note written in Memering 1989:149 Holden can be thought of as a model of lost and confused adolescence,
1
but he is a prototype for a very small, privileged class of modern people. On a notes page, the note will be like this:
1
see Sara Birkfeld, “A Jungian Look at Catcher in the Rye,”PsychologyToday, May 1975: 72-77, for the interpretation of Holden
Caulfield as an archetype.
1 Direct Quotation
Nowadays, modern writers prefer to use parenthetic quotation or direct quotation to content notes. There are some ways to cite or to quote sources in
certain conditions:
1 Citing a Work by an Author
In citing a single author using MLA documentation style, the name of the author is placed in the text or after the quotation. Dees 2003: 234 conveyed “An
author’s name should appear only once in any intext acknowledgement. Include the author’s name in the text or in the parentheses following, but not in both.”
Incorrect: source from Dees, 2003:234 Ex-ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield believes that the relationship
between Japan and the United States “holds the promise of well-being for PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
nations and peoples around the world” Mansfield A12. The example above is incorrect because it includes double authors’ name. It
should be just once like in: Correct: Source from Memering, 1989:155
“These apes likewise signal ‘come here’ or ‘walk quickly past me,’ with gestures that are amazingly human” Droscher 208.
2 Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
Citing works by multiple authors is not really different from a single author. When citing two or three authors, writers have to write all authors’ last
name. MLA documentation style has special treatment in citing works by more than three authors, Dees writes “If there are more than three authors, cite only the
first author’s last name followed by et al. “and others”” 2003: 235 here the example: Source from Memering, 1989: 156
How the chimps are housed and raised—in cages or free to move about – significantly influences their language learning Mathieu et al..
Example of citing a work by two or three authors: Source from Dees, 2003:235 Naisbitt and Aburdene claim we are approaching the day when “virtually
all women will work except for a few months or years when they are raising children full-time” 7.
3 Citing Work with no Author
When citing online sources, for example from a certain website, sometimes there is no information about the writer of the paper. Students
sometimes have difficulties to solve this problem. Dees 2003: 249 provides an example on his book by writing the title of the source if there is no author of the
source. …In a survey of 1,200 undergraduates, one-third reported they know
someone they believe is addicted to the internet “But Can It Lead”.
2 Bibliography from Online Sources
Writing the bibliography in academic work is very important for other people to check the information and validity of our work. Relating to write the
bibliography from online sources, Dees 2003:297 found: To cite an information base, scholarly project, journal, or professional
Internet site, list the site title underlined, followed by the name of the site editor if given, electronic publication information, including version number
if relevant and not part of the title, date of publication or latest update, and the name of the sponsoring institution. Conclude this information with the
date of access and URL.
Example: Electronic Text Center. Ed. Michael Engle. 10 Dec. 2002. Cornell U. 10
Jan. 2003 http:www.library.cornell.eduokuref7cetcet.html.
3. Plagiarism in Writing
a. Definition of Plagiarism
Plagiarism becomes one of the big issues among educational fields. The definition of plagiarism may be different from one another. This big issue has to
be understood for people especially for those who are involved in educational field. People may know about plagiarism, but sometimes they ignored it. Lindey
as quoted in Gibaldi on the book MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Paper suggests the definition of plagiarism “derived from the Latin word plagiarius
“kidnapper”, plagiarism refers to a form of cheating that has been defined as ‘the false assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking the product of another
person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s own.” 2003:66. American Heritage Dictionary quoted in UW-Madison also unveils the definition of plagiarize as “to
use and to pass off the ideas or writings of another as one’s own.” 2009 From many sources that define about plagiarism, we are able to say it as the activity of
stealing someone’s else work. It is harmful, especially in education field. Moreover the development of technology, such as the free use of internet makes it
easier for people to do this dishonest activity. There is an issue raised related to unintentional plagiarism. Unintentional
plagiarism often happen among elementary students because they do not understand about plagiarism but unfortunately, sometimes college students also
do the plagiarism even they know it exactly. Relating to the issue of plagiarism, Gibaldi argues “plagiarism sometimes happens because researchers do not keep
precise records of their reading, and by the time they return to their notes, they have forgotten whether their summaries and paraphrase contain quoted material
that is poorly marked or unmarked.” 2003:70 Dees 2003 unveils six guidelines for avoiding unintentional plagiarism, the
guidelines are as follows: 1 Understand and use correct notetaking methods.
2 Take accurate and legible notes. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3 Know what to document. 4 Make a bibliographic card for every note source.
5 Be particularly careful about text and any other information you download from the internet.
6 Acknowledge sources in your paper.
b. Plagiarism in Paraphrasing
Students often do the activity of paraphrasing as one of the documentation method in acknowledging the source. Dees suggests “a good paraphrase clarifies a
source’s content by rewriting it into your own words,…the paraphrase is usually about the same length as the original, but the words are your own.” 2003:101.
Although paraphrase is using our own words, it is important not to forget to give acknowledgement to the writer by giving a proper citation following the
paraphrases. There are some conditions why students should paraphrase: 1 What you want from the source is the idea expressed, and not the specific
language used to express it. 2 You can express in fewer words what the key point of a source is.
“Should I Paraphrase or Quote?,” 2009 Because paraphrasing allowing writers to use their own words, sometimes it
also leads the writer to plagiarism. The followings are some plagiarism made by paraphrasing.
1 Word-for-Word Plagiarism
This kind of plagiarism is very obvious to check. The plagiarized work directly copy the same word as the original source with no acknowledgement.
UW-Madison 2009 provides the example of word-for word plagiarism compared with the original one:
The original text: Critical nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery
unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of
unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. …. Chase, 1995, p. 156
The word-for-word plagiarism:
Critical care nurses have a hierarchy of roles. The nurse manager hires and fires nurses. She does not directly care for patients but does follow unusual
or long-term cases. On each shift a resource nurse attends to the functioning of the unit as a whole,….
The phrases underlined above are directly copied from the original text. They are clearly seen because no word is changed, also the pattern of the
sentences. The plagiarized texts also do not give acknowledgement to the author by quoting the special words and credit the author at the end of the paraphrase.
2 Patchwork Paraphrase
This kind of paraphrase is nearly seen as non-plagiarism work. There are some words copied from the original one but with a little modification. Here the
example of patchwork paraphrase and the source will be taken from the previous one by UW-Madison 2009:
The original text: Critical nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery
unit, the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not directly care for patients but follows the progress of
unusual or long-term patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. …. Chase, 1995, p. 156
The patchwork plagiarism: Chase 1995 described how nurses in a critical care unit function in a
hierarchy that places designated experts at the top and the least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The expert-the nurse manager, nurse clinician, and
clinical nurse specialist-are not involved directly in patient care.
The work above is not obviously seen as plagiarism. The original phrases are modified and rearranged into a new pattern. The writer of the work has
acknowledged the original author, but still there are no quotation marks to indicate the borrowed phrases from the original one.
c. Penalty of plagiarism
The activity of plagiarism could be categorized as the activity of “stealing” someone’s’ work. Although it is not as big as a robbery, but still, this activity
harms other people. Gibaldi argues that “plagiarism is almost always seen as a shameful act, and plagiarists are usually regarded with pity and scorn. They are
pitied because they have demonstrated their inability to develop and express their own thoughts.” 2003:66
Indonesia also fights against plagiarism. The president declared a law about copyright, this right regulates someone’s intellectual property so that it is
difficult to be copied by someone else. Here the researcher provides some points PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
of the law of copyright, chapter one about general provisions by the president of Republic of Indonesia: sources from www.dgip.go.id
Point one: 1.
Hak Cipta adalah hak ekslusif bagi Pencipta atau penerima hak untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak Ciptaannya untuk memberikan izin
untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangi pembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
1 Copyright shall mean an exclusive right for an Author or the recipient of
the right to publish to reproduce his Work or to grant permission for said purposes, without decreasing the limits according to the prevailing laws
and regulations. Point five:
5. Pengumuman adalah pembacaan, penyiaran, pameran, penjualan, pengedaran, atau penyebaran suatu Ciptaan, dengan menggunakan alat
apapun, termasuk media internet, atau melakukan dengan cara apa pun sehingga suatu Ciptaan dapat dibaca, didengar, atau dilihat orang lain.
5 Publication shall mean the reading, broadcasting, exhibition, sale, distribution, or dissemination of a Work, by utilizing whatever means
including the Internet, or by any manner so that such Work is capable of being read, heard or seen by any other person.
Point six: 6.
Perbanyakan adalah penambahan jumlah sesuatu ciptaan, baik secara keseluruhan maupun bagian yang sangat substantial dengan
menggunakan bahan-bahan yang sama ataupun tidak sama, termasuk mengalihwujudkan secara permanen atau temporer.
6 Reproduction means to increase the number of a Work, either as a whole or its substantial parts using either the same or different material, including the
changing of the form or mode of a work permanently or temporarily. Three points unveiled above are some parts of the copyrights law which
are suitable for the issue studied here. Point one states about persons who are the owner of a work have the right to publish their own work. Point five talks about
ways to publish a work. And the last, point six explains about the border of reproduction.
B. Theoretical Framework
The development of the technology is global and tremendous. It also leads the development of the internet as the part of technology. Internet gives big
influence in education. Internet provides unlimited information that students need. English as a universal language is widely used in the internet. This helps students
in writing class to gather information to do their tasks. This study aimed to find out students’ problems in citing the online
sources on Academic Essay writing class. Academic Essay writing or writing five is a writing class on the fifth semester which prepares students of the English
Education Study Program to write their paper and also thesis. The lecturers of Academic Essay class permit their students to gather data from various sources,
including from internet. The consequence in gathering many sources including PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
online sources is the process of documentation. This study helps to investigate students’ problems in giving credit to the original author of certain work based on
APA documentation style which is widely used in education field. Lecturers of Academic Essay class stated that APA documentation style will be used as the
standard. This study was focused to the problems in citing the online sources. The documentation includes direct quotation, paraphrase, and also the bibliography.
Basically, writing direct quotation and paraphrase from online sources are the same as quoting sources from printed works. The difference is clearly seen in the
bibliography. There are some rules in writing the bibliography from online sources. Further, to obtain the data from students’ work, the researcher used APA
documentation style as the standard. Gathering information from internet is much easier than from books or
printed works. It leads students to use online sources more often than from books. The easy-used of online sources also brings consequences. One of them is the case
of plagiarism. It is easy to directly copy and paste the original paper to students’ work without giving acknowledgement to the original author. It is a harmful
activity, especially in educational field. University students have to understand about plagiarism seriously. Academic Essay as one of the writing classes in the
English Education Study Program in Sanata Dharma University may be potential for students to do the plagiarism action. Because of this issue, the researcher also
provides the copyright in Indonesia. Plagiarism becomes a serious issue that is difficult to solve in this country, but as educated people especially university
students, they have to understand the right and try to be honest of their own work. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the process of gathering and analyzing the data. There are six areas that will be explored, namely: research
method, research respondents, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique and research procedure.
A. Research Method
The writer conducted the research by employing document analysis method. At first, the researcher conducted library study to find out some issues
and related theories to the study. Afterwards by field research, the writer explored the real condition and fact about what is going to be discovered in this research. In
this study, the writer conducted the research based on qualitative approach. Document analysis as a part of qualitative approach was used in this study. The
writer applied document analysis method because she thought that it was appropriate to this study. Krathwohl 1993 cited in Wiersma stated that:
“Qualitative research: research that describes phenomena in words instead of numbers or measures...Quantitative research: research that describes phenomena
in numbers and measures instead of words.p.740” 1995:12 There are three standards that researchers can use to decide if qualitative methods are appropriate
for their particular research questions: “1 the phenomenon under investigation is contemporary; 2 the boundaries and context of the study are not distinct; 3 the
