original source, writers are able to write the title of the article followed by date of the last update. For example:
Students are doing their tasks in class. “Activity in Class,” 2009 Here the researcher provides the evidence from students’ paper from Paper 1 until
Paper 10 by showing the pieces on students’ problem in citing works by no author.
Paper 1:
The researcher did not provide the piece from the original source because she did not find the website or the address of the website was temporary.
Paper 3:
To cite from www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com, student who wrote Paper 3 could only write:
… the ozone holes which is in the upper atmosphere allows the ultraviolet to enter the earth which can damage tree and plant to
prevent the process of respiration. “Pollution Effects,” 2008. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The information “Pollution Effects” came from the shorten title of the original article, the year 2008 was the last update of the website.
Paper 4:
The original source: Herman 1984 describes in detail the advantages of full-day
kindergarten. He and others believe full-day programs provide a relaxed, unhurried school day with more time for a variety of
experiences, greater opportunity for screening and assessment to detect and deal with potential learning problems, and more occasions for
good quality interaction between adults and students.
The correction of the quotation: “Full-Day Kindergarten,” 2008
Paper 5:
The researcher could not find the original sources because of the incorrect website address.
Paper 6:
The researcher could not find the original source because the website address was temporary.
Paper 9:
The researcher could not find the original source because of the incorrect website
address.
b. Citing a Quoted Source
Two students Paper 1 and Paper 7 directly wrote an incorrect name of the original author. The name that student wrote has been quoted before by the
original author. This problem was not obviously seen if lecturers did not compare students’ work with the original sources. At first, the researcher did not know
where the citation came from, but after reading the original source, the researcher found that it was quoted by someone else. Here is the citation from students’
work: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Paper 1:
This quotation seems correct, but when the researcher compared it with the source, there were no Rhodes and Jasisnski on the references. The quotation
above was quoted in Berkowitz. So the writer of Paper 1 should include the information “quoted in”.
Original source:
The correct citation: Rhodes and Jasinski qtd. In Berkowitz, 2004
Paper 7:
The long citation above also had the same problem as the previous example from Paper 1. The correct citation was quoted in Alkahtani. So it would
be like the citation: Hoffman qtd. in Alkahtani, 1996 The original source:
c. Unknown Citation and References
During the analysis of students’ work, the researcher found that some citations were not included in references. This condition made the researcher
difficult to analyse the work. Apart from that, the researcher also did not find some website addresses which were written on references page. This problem was
found in two the of students’ paper. It sometimes happened because the websites were under construction or students did not write the website address completely.
Paper 1:
Using computers in ESL classroom is important for both teachers and learners. Computers can handle a range of activities and carry out
programmed functions at amazing speed. They can check exercises after they are done, move students gradually from easier to more
difficult exercises according to their levels and abilities. When students fail to answer questions correctly or perform activities, the computer
can simulate, drill, or explain the phenomenon in a way that makes it easier for the learner to understand Hoffman, 1996.
From the article, there was no Hannaford in the references, it makes the reader difficult to find the original source.
Paper 3:
In the example from paper 3, the student wrote the source www.ket.org but there was no information about www.ket.org on the references page.
d. Incorrect Citation
There are some differences in documenting between short citation and long citation. In short citation, writers are able to write the citation part within
quotation marks ‘’…..” but in long citation there are no quotation marks. On the book Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, it was
stated “Display a quotation of 40 or more words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit the quotation marks. 2002: 117.
Paper 2:
The quotation above is a short quotation because there are not more than 40 words. The writer of Paper 2 wrote it as a long quotation. A short quotation
should not be indented or in a freestanding block of typewritten lines. Paper 5:
The quotation above should be a long quotation because there are more than 40 words. The writer of paper 5 wrote it as a short quotation. The correct
quotation should be indented and written in a freestanding block of typewritten lines.
Paper 10:
The researcher found that student who wrote Paper 10 wrote the long quotation within quotation marks. In a long quotation, the quotation marks should
be omitted.
e. Incorrect References
After the researcher analyzed all paper, this point came out as the biggest problem for students. The problems that the researcher found were:
1. Students directly wrote the website address.
2. Student capitalized all the first letter of each word on the title.
3. The second and third line of each reference was not indented.
4. The website address was not written in the end of each reference.
Four students Paper 1, Paper 3, Paper 5, and Paper 7 directly wrote the website address of the source without giving information about the writer of the
source, the last update and the date of access. It was difficult for readers to check the source. Ten students Paper 1 until Paper 10 capitalized all the first letter of
each word on the references. Eight papers except Paper 6 and Paper 9 were found that the second and third lines of the references were not indented. The
website address on Paper 2, Paper 8, Paper 9, Paper 10 were not written at the end of the retrieval date. Here the references those students wrote:
Paper 1:
The references above are not complete. The writer of Paper 1 directly wrote the website addresses. There are no authors and date of access. The writer
of paper 1 should not give number for the references. The first letter of each word of the title should not be capitalized.
Paper 2:
The references above seem correct and complete. There are authors, title, date of access, and the website address. But the second and third line of each
reference should be indented and the title should be in italic. The writer of Paper 2 should only capitalize the first letter of the title. The website address should be
written at the end of the retrieval date. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Paper 3:
The writer of Paper 3 should include additional information such as the author, title, date of access on the references. In writing references, the researcher
needed to find the author, the title of the article, and the date of access to check the website.
Paper 4:
The references above were incorrect and incomplete. The title of each reference should be in italic, only the first letter of the title that should be
capitalized, and the second and third line should be indented. This writing style makes the references look like the part of the article.
Paper 5:
The references above need additional information such as the author, title of the article, and the date of access. The writer of Paper 5 directly wrote the
website address. It makes difficult to the researcher to check the original sources.
Paper 6:
Basically, the references on Paper 6 were correct, but the writer of Paper 6 used MLA style whereas the lecturer asked to use APA style. The titles were
underlined, in APA style the title should be in Italic and only the first letter that
should be capitalized.
Paper 7:
On references that is using APA style, the title should be in italic, only the first letter that should be capitalized, and there is also information about the
author. The second and third line of each reference should be indented. The writer of Paper 7 typed the title of the work and the website address separately, it seems
that the titles are not the part of the website address. The website address should be written at the end of the retrieval date.
Paper 8:
The references above are almost correct. There are names of the author, title written in italic, website address, and date. But after the first line of each
reference, the lines should be indented, only the first letter of the title that should be capitalized. The website address must be written at the end of the retrieval date.
Paper 9
The references above are almost correct. There are names of the author, title written in italic, website address, and retrieval date. The second and the third
line were also indented. The writer of Paper 9 should not italicize all the first letter of the title. The website address must be written at the end of the retrieval date.
Paper 10:
The references above are almost correct. There are the name of the author, title, website address, and date of access. But the title should be in italic, only the
first letter is capitalized, and lines after the first line should be indented. The website address is written at the end of the retrieval date.
f. Copy-pasting
The activity of copy-pasting is the worst thing that ever happened in education. Unfortunately, from the analysis, the researcher found two students
who did the copy-pasting activity. This action leads to plagiarism. Some parts of paper 1 and paper 4 were found as copy-pasting.
Paper 1:
Original source:
The piece of work above was directly copied from Berkowitz 2004 from the source:
http:www.learning_assistance_association_of_new_england.com Daniel.J.berkowitzStress-and-Students-with-learning-disabilities.htm
The writer of paper 1 directly copied the sentences from Berkowitz without changing any words or tried to paraphrase it. When the researcher
compared the work to the original one, it was obviously seen that some parts of the work were copied from the original text.
Paper 4:
The original source:
The writer of Paper 4 was also found did the plagiarism. We could see from the piece of the work above that the writer did not mention the year when
Herman, the educational expert stated his finding. The writer also made some word changes on the work.
From the results of students’ work above, to summarize the results, the researcher displayed the result on a table 4.2 below:
Table 4.2 Results from Students’ Work Students’ Work
PROBLEM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Citing works by no author v
v v
v v
v 2. Citing a quoted source
v v
Herman 1984 describes in detail the advantages of full-day kindergarten. He and others believe full-day programs provide a
relaxed, unhurried school day with more time for a variety of experiences, greater opportunity for screening and assessment to detect
and deal with potential learning problems, and more occasions for good quality interaction between adults and students.
3. Unknown citation and references v
v 4.
Incorrect citation
v v v 5.
Incorrect references
v v v v v v v v v v 6.
Copy-pasting v v
2. Interview
The interviews were conducted after the researcher gathered data from students’ work. The interviews aimed to verify the result data from students’ work
and gave additional information which was not included in the students’ work analysis. The researcher took eight students who join Academic Essay class from
class A, C, D, and E. The interview was conducted on December 11
th
2009 in Student Hall, Sanata Dharma University. The data from the interview result were
to support the data from students’ work. Furthermore, the researcher reports every point of the personnel interviews and typed the interview data as the interview
transcript. The researcher used participant coding. The researcher did not mention the real identity of the respondents, the researcher used the term student A until
student H eight respondents. It aimed to keep the secrecy of the data. The first question from the interview was asking about students’ source in
accomplishing Academic Essay writing project. Eight students or all of the respondents answered they always use online sources as references for their
writing project. Three respondents, Student A, Student C, and Student D also gave their reason.
Saya selalu pake sumber online soalnya idenya dapatnya juga dari sumber online Student A, Interview.
I always use online sources because it gives me ideas. Karena mudah dicari dan banyak pilihannya Student C, Interview.
Because it is easy to find and varied in choices. Selalu make bahan online, biasanya sih gitu, soalnya males ke perpus.
Student D, Interview. I always use online sources because I feel lazy to go to the library.
From students’ answers above, it was obvious that internet helped them to accomplish their writing project in Academic Essay class. Internet provides
unlimited variations of articles and many things that students need. By accessing internet students could easily browse information and got ideas based on the topic
they wanted. Indeed, that fact made online sources more popular among students because of its practicality.
After getting sources from online, students have to document everything they get as an acknowledgement to the original author. The question related to this
fact is: Do they document the source correctly? This documentation became a problem among students. Students in Academic Essay class have to be discipline
in documenting the sources. From the interview result, seven of the respondents were not sure about their ability in citing sources. They showed their hesitation in
citing the sources. Student B and D conveyed their hesitation: Menuliskannya iya, tetapi dengan benarnya masih tanda tanya, belum
tahu itu benar apa nggak. Student B, Interview. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
I cited the source, but I was not sure whether it was correct or not. Kalo nulis sih selalu, tapi kalo bener nggaknya yo masih
dipertanyakan. Student D, Interview. I always cite the source but I am still questioning whether it is correct
or not. To help students solve their problems in citing, writing lecturers took the
important roles. Writing lecturers had to understand more deeply about the rules of citing based on a certain documentation style. By understanding more deeply
about a certain documentation style, hopefully writing lecturers were able to give clear explanation for students, like some respondents said in the interview:
Kalo menurut dosennya, cara menulisku itu disalahkan tapi dia nggak ngasih tahu bagaimana menuliskan dengan benar. Student A,
Interview. My lecturer said that my writing was wrong, but he did not give the
solution to solve this problem. Belum pernah diberi tahu tentang cara mengutip yang benar
sebelumnya. Student E, Interview. I have never been told about how to cite correctly before.
Four respondents said that they got minimum explanation about how to cite in Academic Essay class. Some said they got it from other classes from the
previous semester and other from their friends. This condition made students confused when they had to cite on their writing task. It also decreased
students’ responsibility to cite the source. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Ya kalo dosennya nyuruh ya tak tulis, nek nggak ya nggak. Student C, Interview.
If my lecturer asked me to cite the source, I did, but if not, I did not do it.
Citing sources was one of the important parts of writing. Both students and lecturers had to give more attention in citation. Some students felt that their
lecturer were not always gave them correction in the citing part. Sometimes the lecturer gave correction but they did not give solution to revise students’ mistakes.
Knowing students’ difficulties in citing, one of the lecturers from Academic Essay class gave APA book to guide students in citing sources.
Nevertheless, the book did not help much; Student H stated that the book was not complete enough so that she had to browse the internet to find other way to cite
the online source to their work. Using online sources was very close to the copy-pasting activity. By using
computer, students were able to copy the original articles directly to their writing. This activity was commonly happened among students. Five respondents Student
A, B, C, D, and E confessed that they ever did the copy-pasting activity, like what student D felt:
Sebenernya sih yo nggak bagus tapi nek nggak tahu ngutipnya gimana ya sudah, kepepete ngaku jadi bahan sendiri kan ya gak papa, ntar kalo
bahannya susah, daripada susah berpikir, dikit bolehlah. Student D, Interview
Honestly, copy-pasting was bad, sometimes I found a difficult PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
material, so I thought it was not a big problem if I did copy-pasting. Copy-pasting activity is a kind of plagiarism. Copy-pasting, moreover
without giving credit to the original author was prohibited in education. The researcher gave a question about plagiarism to the respondents and surprisingly all
of the respondents were able to answer the definition of plagiarism correctly. Here the example of students understanding about plagiarism:
Memakai karya orang lain, seperti karangan dan sebagainya, tanpa menyebutkan atau mencantumkan sumbernya untuk diambil menjadi
milik kita sendiri. Student E, Interview. Taking others’ work, such as composition, without giving the source
and take it as our own work. Mengambil, mengkopi, mengambil langsung tulisan orang lain tanpa
menyertakan sumbernya dan diklaim sebagai argument sendiri. Studentt H, Interview.
Take and directly copy others’ work without giving the source and claim it as our own work.
As the researcher reported before, some students said that they found difficulties in citing online sources. After analyzing students’ answers about their
difficulties in citing, the researcher categorized it into two big problems. The first , students were not sure about how to cite correctly. Although some students said
they already had the APA book, the book did not help them much. They needed more explanation citing the online sources. The second problem was the
incomplete data from the source. In citing online sources, there were some data, such as name of the author, title of the article, the last update of the website that
must be included in references or in-text quotation. Students found difficulties if one or more of the data were not shown in the online articles. The researcher
found a student who was afraid of making mistakes in citing, she said: Mengutip kesulitan caranya. Soalnya aku nggak tahu juga cara
mengutip yang benar lalu takut kalau salah. Student C, Interview. I had difficulties in citing, I did not know how to cite correctly, it made
me afraid of making mistakes. Perceiving the issue of plagiarism in writing class, the researcher asked
students’ suggestions to eliminate or even erase any kinds of plagiarism in Academic Essay class. The students’ answer varied. Three of eight respondents
suggested that lecturers of Academic Essay class to check directly from the sources that student used. They thought that this technique was effective to know
how students cite the online sources. The lecturers were able to check whether students did the copy-pasting or not.
Two respondents wanted to complete modules about citation which helped them to cite the source. They said the lecturers should provide examples to make
students easier to understand the modules. The quantity of words in students’ paper also became a problem for students, Student B felt that the more words the
lecturers asked their students to compose the easier students to copy and paste the source. She thought that the quality of a paper was more important than its
quantity. Other respondent, like student E suggested that lecturers of Academic Essay class gave more attention to the citation when they check students’ writing.
Student F gave another idea; she thought that by giving punishment, it helped to reduce the action of plagiarism. She said:
Untuk dosen harusnya lebih keras, strict dengan jalan punishment lewat nilai. Student F, Interview.
The lecturers have to be strict by giving score punishment to students.
B. Discussions
Based on the result from students’ work and interview, the researcher obtained some important information to be discussed in this section. From the
analysis of the students’ work, there were six problems that happened among students in citing the online sources. The problems were:
a. Citing works by no author
b. Citing a quoted source
c. Unknown citation and references
d. Incorrect citation
e. Incorrect references
f. Copy-pasting
Most of students still have difficulties in citing. This fact was supported by student statements in the interview section. Seven of eight respondents said
that they were already cited the sources but they were not sure whether it was correct or not.
Kalo nulis sih selalu, tapi kalo bener nggaknya yo masih PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
dipertanyakan. Student D, Interview. I always cite the source but I am still questioning whether it is correct
or not. From this, the researcher thought that most of the students in Academic
Essay class had still lack of understanding especially in citing online sources. From ten papers that were analyzed, there was no paper which completely obeyed
the standard of documentation style. The most surprising finding was students’ knowledge about copy-pasting
and also plagiarism. All respondents eight students were able to tell the definition of copy-pasting and plagiarism correctly. But in fact, the problem of
copy-pasting and plagiarism were still found in students’ work. The researcher still found a student who broke the rule of plagiarism. He did the copy-pasting on
the paper. This fact showed the irresponsibility of the students in citing the source. The fact from research finding in the interview was contrary to students’ paper. It
can be concluded that students ignored the importance of keeping the originality of their work. The example below supports the fact that students ignored the
importance of citing sources. Sebenernya sih yo nggak bagus tapi nek nggak tahu ngutipnya gimana
ya sudah, kepepete ngaku jadi bahan sendiri kan ya gak papa, ntar kalo bahannya susah, daripada susah berpikir, dikit bolehlah. Student D,
Interview Honestly, copy-pasting was bad, sometimes I found a difficult
material, so I thought it was not a big problem if I did copy-pasting. Relating to the problem of plagiarism, the researcher thought that lecturers
and students need something to do to reduce or erase the plagiarism. Some suggestions from students to reduce or erase plagiarism in Academic Essay class
could be applied in class depend on the agreement of both students and lecturers. To conclude, there were two main problems that students faced in citing
the online sources in writing class. The problems were: citing works by no author and writing the correct references. In citing works by no author, students have to
write the title of the text within quotation marks followed by the year. Students get confused when they found sources without any information about the author.
Based on APA book 2002 if there is no author, the writer could write the title of the article or write “unknown” on the references.
After the analysis of students’ paper, the researcher found six students having difficulties in citing works by no author and nine students who wrote
incorrect references. Checking the result from students’ paper analysis, the data from students’ interview showed that all respondents admitted that they had
known about citing online sources before. Students said that they found the information about citing online sources from the explanation of their lecturers,
friends, and also APA book from their lecturer. However, they did not use the knowledge they had on their works. This fact showed the ignorance of students in
Academic Essay class especially in citing the online sources. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
