Benefits of the Study

9 describe and interpret the meaning in depth. The fifth is phenomenology research is a study about phenomena of human scientific. It also refers to intersubjective study where the participant consists of more than one person in order to find out the participant’s lived experience. The sixth is phenomenology research is the practice of attentive thoughtfulness. It aims at giving attention to the participants’ story or reflection. The seventh is phenomenology relates to the meaning of being a human being. It is also in line with what Van Manen has early stated in his book. He states that phenomenology research has an ultimate goal, it is the fulfilment of our human nature: to become more fully who we are Van Manen, 1990, p. 12. The eighth is phenomenology research is a poetizing activity. Van Manen 1990, p. 13 emphasizes that what people have to do is finding out what lies at the ontological core of our being. Phenomenology deals with description and hermeneutic deals with interpretation. Interpretation possesses two notions according to Gadamer and Husserl. Gadamer as cited by Van Manen 1990, p. 26 describes that interpretation attempts to point to something, and interpretation attempts to point out the meaning of something. Hermeneutics is closely related to interpretation. It has some definitions according to Palmer 1969, pp. 33-45. The first is hermeneutics as a theory of biblical exegesis. It means that hermeneutics is as the basis for the interpretation of the bible. The second is hermeneutics as the science of linguistic understanding. It means that understanding is close to the linguistic interpretation. The third is hermeneutics as the phenomenology of Dasein and of existential understanding. It relates to understanding the existence of human being. The last is hermeneutics as 10 a system of interpretation which means that hermeneutics relates to the interpretation. Lived experience discusses themes. Van Manen 1990, p.87 states several meaning of themes. First, theme relates to the experience of meaning. Moreover, theme, itself, can be either empirical or transcendent. Second, theme relates to simplification of experience. Third, theme is intransitive. Fourth, theme relates to take out the phenomenon and try to understand it. Thus, theme makes the researcher focuses on certain phenomenon to dig out the meaning of lived experience. Phenomenology also deals with reflection. Alvesson 2000, p.6 states that reflection can be described as consistently considering various basic dimensions behind and in the work of interpretation, by means of which it can be qualified. It means the reflection of the lived experience. In conclusion, lived experience is reflected by the past experience of the participants. Likewise, Van Manen 1990, p. 101 has the same concept as Alvesson in defining the concept of reflection. He states that the goal of phenomenology reflection is trying to absorb the core meaning of something. Moreover, he also emphasizes that reflection is taken from four aspects, namely lived space spatiality, lived body corporeality, lived time temporality, and lived human relation relationality or communality. In brief, lived space provides a clear direction why human being commits to do certain phenomenon since lived space provides certain space of how human being acts. Lived body provides clues of lived experience through the physical expressions. Lived time gives clues of criteria era where the human being lives. Lived human relation gives clues of the relation of human being in certain conditions. 11 In obtaining the reflective research, there must be some pointers. Alvesson Skoldberg 2011 states four pointers in the reflective research. First, it relates to systematic and techniques in research procedures. It means that logical reasoning must be included. Second, it relates to the clarification of interpretation. It is needed to obtain the appropriate interpretation. Third, it relates to the awareness of political-ideological character of research. It relates to the lived space where the human being lives. Fourth, it relates to the problem of representation and authority. It relates to how the reflection discovers the problem presentation. Anecdote is a part of lived experience. Van Manen 1990, p. 69 states that “an anecdote is a certain kind of narrative point, and it is this point that needs honing”. Further, anecdote is “methodological device in human science to make comprehensible some notion that easi ly eludes us” Van Manen, 1990, p. 116. Anecdote must be realized so that the researcher can find the true meaning of lived experience. In digging out the meaning, Moustakas 1990, pp. 16-26 explains some ways related to digging out the meaning. The first way is self-dialogue. It tries to make someone has his or her self-dialogue of the lived experience. The second is tacit knowing. It is closely related to the power of uncovering the lived experience. The third is intuition, it has a close relation to the searching the pattern and relationship of lived experience. The fourth is indwelling. It aims at searching the deeper meaning of lived experience. The fifth is focusing. It attempts to search the meaning focusing on research question. The last is internal frame of reference. It is closely related to the open and trustworthy of the human beings in discovering their lived experience.