Background of the Study

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C. Problem Formulation

The project based learning is one of the learning models which the educators can apply in the classroom. In this context of research, the project based learning model is applied or implemented by the lecturers of ELS. In relation to the intention of this research which I have previously stated at the beginning of this chapter, the students’ lived experiences are gained from what the students really experience in the process of their learning. Hence, the question or the problem of the study is formulated as follows: what is the lived experience of ELS students of the project- based learning like?

D. Research Goals

In this research, the reseacher aimed at describing and interpreting the ELS students’ interpretation of Project Based Learning as one of the learning methods used in the classroom based on their lived experience. By doing so, I expect to obtain the essential meanings of the students’ lived experiences. Therefore, hopefully, the students can have more reflective life so that they can succeed in their study. Furthermore, it is also expected that the audience can gain more emphatic understanding on the essential meanings of the lived experiences of the students.

E. Benefits of the Study

As the research attempts to describe and interprets the students’ lived experience of the project based learning, I expects that the research will provide some contributions or benefits. There were three benefits which can be obtained from this research. Since this research is conducted in the educational area, I expects that this research can give contribution to English language teaching in Indonesia. 6 Firstly, since the project-based learning model is implemented by the lecturers, thus this research is expected to give a clear description of the students’ lived experience about the learning model. Moreover, by knowing the students’ lived experience, the lecturers can discover the strengths and also the weaknesses of this learning model. Therefore, in the future, the implementation of the learning model can be applied better. Secondly, this study is also beneficial to the students who are chosen to be the participants of this study, since they can share their own experiences, feelings, obstacles, enjoyment, and expectations. Moreoever, it is also expected that after sharing their lived experiences, the students can have more reflective life for the betterment of their study. Thirdly, I expect that this study can inspire or motivate other researchers. Moreover, future researchers who are going to conduct a similar study related to the project based learning will be helped through this research. Through the completion of this reseach also, the rersearcher expects that the future researchers could also find another interesting thing which they can conduct a research on. 7

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses theoretical review and framework of pre- understanding. Theoretical review deals with theories underlying this study. Framework of pre-understanding deals with how the theories are logically constructed as well as deals with the pre-figured themes related to the themes that appear in the pre-figured themes.

A. Theoretical Review

In this section I will then review three main theories which become the construct of this study. They are lived experience, project-based learning, and ELS.

1. Lived Experience

Lived experience becomes one of the problems which is investigated in the phenomenology study. Cresswell 2007, p.57 states that phenomenology study figures out that the meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon. Lived experience is also described as a phenomenon and it involves description and interpretation of the phenomenon. Van Manen 1990, p. 1 states that the researchers create questions, collect data, describe a phenomenon, and build textual interpretations. Lived experience has a close relation with the pedagogy. Pedagogy leads to the essence of lived experience. As Van Manen 1990, p.2 states that pedagogy is one of the activities that relates to teaching, parenting, educating, or generally living with children, that demands constant practical acting in concrete situations and relation. In conclusion, the lived experience itself is based on certain phenomenon in the real life situations.