adversative, clausal and temporal. She found that all the cohesive ties occur in the text especially grammatical cohesion reference and lexical
cohesion. 2. Novayanti 1994 has analyzed that cohesive analysis; especially the
reference is applicable to the analysis of scientific texts. She analyzed the cohesion in discourse; reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and
lexical cohesion in discourse, and found that reference, as one type of cohesion exists in different types of text, such as narrative, poetic and even
scientific text..
2.4 Definition of Discourse
Discourse analysis discusses how the language users understand the text books, and know what the speaker’s want to convey orally in the conversation, or
know which sentences are coherent or uncoherent and successfully act in the complicated activity called conversation.
A few decades ago, discourse analysis took off as a subject in linguistics. Before its existence, linguistics focused its analysis on sentence. Each streams in
linguistics such as Traditionalism, Structuralism, Generative Transformational Grammar, etc. tried to analyse language based on their opinions, but never gave
satisfaction results since when they analysed a sentence, they never consider the context of the sentence.
In 1952, a famous linguist, Z.S. Harris, expressed his dissatisfaction in the sentence grammar by publishing his famous article entitle “Discourse Analysis “
in ‘Language’ magazine. Since then discourse analysis is began to know. The
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word ‘discourse’ was derived from Latin discursus’ which means ‘run up and down’. Some linguists gave several definition of discourse to make it understood
by the reader. They are: • Linde 1981: 85 in H.G. Tarigan says “Discourse is a natural unit with a
clear beginning and ending, and also a number of internal structure.” • Edmunson 1981:4 in H.G. Tarigan says “Discourse is a structural event
manifested in Linguistic behavior or others whereas a text is an arrangement of structural linguistic expressions which forms a unity.”
• Stubbs 1983 1 in his book says “Roughly speaking discourse analysis refers to attempt to study the organization of language above the sentence
or above the clause and therefore to study larger linguistics units such as conversational exchanges or written texts.”
• Desse 1984 : 72 in H.G. Tarigan says, “ Discourse is a set of propositions which are related to one another to creat a sense of unity or a sense of
cohesion to the reader or listener. The unity or the sense of cohesion itself must come from the content of discourse, but most of it appear through the
conveyance of the discourse” • Carlson 1983: XII-XIV in H.G. Tarigan says that discourse is a stretches
of continuous utterances a sequence of individual sentences. So, it doesn’t only consist of utterances or sentences which are grammatically
well formed.” • Kridalaksana 1984: 208 says, “ Wacana discourse adalah satuan bahasa
terlengkap; dalam hierarki grammatical merupakan satuan gramtikal tertinggi atau terbesar. Wacana ini direalisasikan dalam bentuk yang utuh
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novel, buku, seri, ensiklopedia dan sebagainya, paragraph, kalimat atau kata yang membawa amanat yang lengkap.”
From the definition above we could see the similarities and the differences of the discourse based on the linguist’s opinions. There are some
important elements that we can get from these definitions, i.e. discourse is: • Language unit
• The most complete the highest • Above the sentence or clause
• Tied well or coherence • Continuity
• Sense of unity or cohesion • Written or spoken
• Clear beginning and ending
2.5 The Function of Discourse
