The word ‘it’; here refers forward to a toy, and it is said to be cataphoric relation. Here we will look at the table of reference based on Halliday and Hasan’s
book.
Table1 : Reference
Personal Demontrative
Existential Possesive
Referential I, You
mine, yours
my, your, the
We, He ours, his,
our, his, this, these,
She, It hers, its,
her, its, that, those
They, One theirs.
their, ones interogative who
whose whose
which, what
what specific
pronouns specific
determiners
2.6.4.1 Personal Reference
Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. Let’s see the table of personal reference
below:
Table 2 : Personal Reference
Semantic category
Grammatical function Class
Existential Possessive
Head Modifier
noun pronoun determiner
I me mine
my you yours
your we us
ours our
he him his
his she her
hers her
they, them theirs
their it [its]
its one
ones
Persons: Speaker only
Addressees, withwithout Speaker and other persons
Other person, male Other person, female
Other persons, object Object; passage of text
Generalized person
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There is a distinction to be made between the speech role first and second person and the other roles third person. Only the third person is inherently
cohesion. A third person from typically refers anaphorically to a preceding item in the text.
First and second person forms do not normally refer to the text at all. Their referent are defined by the speech roles of speaker and hearer. They are
typically exophoric. They referent to the situation. The first and second person forms refer to the situation, whereas the third person refers anaphorically or
cataphorically to the text. The category of ‘personal’ includes the three classes of personal pronouns,
possessive pronoun, possessive determiners possessive adjective and possessive pronouns. There is no general name for this category in the traditional grammar,
because the member of it belongs to a different classes with diverse structural roles; but in fact they represent a single system, that is person.
2.6.4.2 Demonstrative Reference
Demonstrative reference is essentially a form of a verbal pointing. The speaker identifies the referent by locating it on a scale of proximity. Here is the
table of Demonstrative reference.
Table 3: Demonstrative reference
Semantic category
Selective Non-selective
ModifierHead Adjunct Modifier
determiner adverb determiner this those
here now that those
there then the
Grammaticalfunction Class
Proximity: Near
Far Neutral
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The circumstance adverbial demonstrative such as ‘here’, ‘there’, ‘now’, and ‘then’ refer to a location of a process in space and time. They typically
function as adjunct in the clause. Like personal, the demonstrative regularly refer exphorically to something within the context of situation.
Example: Leave that there and come here
But we are concerned here with exophoric because it is not textually cohesion. In general this, these, and here imply proximity to the speaker; that,
those and there, imply distance from the speaker, which may or may not involved proximity to the addressee.
For example:
a That car seems more expensive as modifier
That is an expensive car as head
b I like the teddy bear and I like the Barbie. These are my favorites.
These are my favorites, too.
The definite article the has usually been set apart, as a unique member of a class, its only relative being the indefinite article ‘a’. unlike the selective
demonstrative this, these, and here, the can never refer forward cohesively. It can only refer to a modifying element within the same nominal group as itself.
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Example : a The man who loves me.
b The bigger city. c The party in power.
d The best way to be a number one.
2.6.4.3 Comparative Reference
