Error based on linguistic category Error based on surface strategy taxonomy

Language Two, classifies error into four types ; error based on linguistics category, error based on surface strategy taxonomy, error based on comparative taxonomy, and error based on communicative effect taxonomy. 16

a. Error based on linguistic category

This linguistic category is classified according to either or both of the language component and the particular linguistic constituent the error effect. Language components include phonology, syntax and morphology, semantics and lexicon, and discourse. Constituents include the elements that comprise each language components. For instance, in syntax the errors can be in the main or subordinate clause, of which constituent is affected, e.g. the noun phrase, the auxiliary, the verb phrase, the preposition, the adverb, and the adjective.

b. Error based on surface strategy taxonomy

This classification highlights the way surface structures are altered. This classification is sub classified into some parts, are: omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. 1. Omission Omission error is characterized by the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance, e.g. “Mary president new company.” 2. Addition This error is contradictive to the previous one. The error is known by the presence of an item, which must not appear in a well-formed utterance. This error usually appears in the later stages of L2 acquisition, when the learner has already acquired some target language rules. E.g. “The train is gonna broke it”. 3. Double-marking “Learner who have acquired the tensed from both auxiliary and 16 Heidi Dullay, Marina Burt, Stephen Krashen, Language two, New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 146-189 verb often place the marker on both, as in: “We didn’t went there.” 4. Over-regularization “This fall under the misinformation category are those in which a regular marker is used in place of an irregular one, as in : runned for ran or gooses for geese.” 5. Over-generalization These errors, according to them, refers to as an ‘archi-form’. The selection of one member of a class of forms to represent others in the class is a common characteristic of all stages of second language acquisition. We have called the form selected by the learner an ‘archi- form’. e.g. That dogs 6. Misordering The incorrect placement of a morpheme or group of morpheme in an utterance is the character of this error. E.g. “I don’t know what is that”.

c. Error based on comparative taxonomy